Innovation systems operate in specific regional, political, social and economic contexts and are influenced by their environment. The internal structures and processes of a technological innovation system (TIS) are usually well understood in the literature, but what is happening outside and across the boundaries of the system is less systematically considered. This paper tries to fill this gap by combining the TIS concept and multi-level perspective (MLP) in studying problems impeding the development of photovoltaic technology in Iran. Considering MLP, this paper firstly identifies the most influential macro factors on photovoltaics TIS by studying the literature and semi-structured interviews. Then, the relationships between these factors were explained using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique. We used cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification or MICMAC analysis to better understand the dependence power and driver power of those variables. The results illustrate that government policies, oil crisis, economic growth, and downturn are the most influential macro factors in photovoltaics TIS in Iran.

创新系统在特定的地区，政治，社会和经济环境中运作，并受其环境的影响。技术创新系统（TIS）的内部结构和过程通常在文献中得到很好的理解，但是在系统外部和跨系统边界发生的事情却很少被系统地考虑。本文试图通过将TIS概念和多层次视角（MLP）相结合来填补这一空白，以研究阻碍伊朗光伏技术发展的问题。考虑到MLP，本文首先通过研究文献和半结构化访谈来确定对光伏TIS影响最大的宏观因素。然后，使用解释性结构建模（ISM）技术解释了这些因素之间的关系。我们将交叉影响矩阵乘法应用于分类或MICMAC分析，以更好地了解这些变量的依存能力和驱动力。结果表明，政府政策，石油危机，经济增长和低迷是伊朗光伏TIS中最具影响力的宏观因素。