Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ belongs to the family of hormone and lipid-activated nuclear receptors, which are involved in metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids. Similar to PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, PPAR-β/δ also acts as a transcription factor activated by dietary lipids and endogenous ligands, such as long-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and selected lipid metabolic products, such as eicosanoids, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Together with other PPARs, PPAR-β/δ displays transcriptional activity through interaction with retinoid X receptor (RXR). In general, PPARs have been shown to regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and development and significantly modulate glucose, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and biogenesis. PPAR-β/δ appears to play a special role in inflammatory processes and due to its proangiogenic and anti-/pro-carcinogenic properties, this receptor has been considered as a therapeutic target for treating metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, carcinogenesis, and diabetes. Until now, most studies were carried out in the peripheral organs, and despite of its presence in brain cells and in different brain regions, its role in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. This review is intended to describe recent insights on the impact of PPAR-β/δ and its novel agonists on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and traumatic injury. An important goal is to obtain new insights to better understand the dietary and pharmacological regulations of PPAR-β/δ and to find promising therapeutic strategies that could mitigate these neurological disorders.

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 (PPAR) β/δ 属于激素和脂质激活核受体家族，参与长链脂肪酸、胆固醇和鞘脂的代谢。与 PPAR-α 和 PPAR-γ 类似，PPAR-β/δ 也可作为一种转录因子，由膳食脂质和内源性配体（如长链饱和和多不饱和脂肪酸）和选定的脂质代谢产物（如类二十烷酸）激活。白三烯、脂氧素和羟基二十碳四烯酸。与其他 PPAR 一起，PPAR-β/δ 通过与类视黄醇 X 受体 (RXR) 的相互作用显示出转录活性。一般而言，PPAR 已被证明可调节细胞分化、增殖和发育，并显着调节葡萄糖、脂质代谢、线粒体功能和生物发生。PPAR-β/δ 似乎在炎症过程中发挥特殊作用，并且由于其促血管生成和抗/促癌特性，该受体已被认为是治疗代谢综合征、血脂异常、致癌作用和糖尿病的治疗靶点。到目前为止，大多数研究都是在外周器官中进行的，尽管它存在于脑细胞和不同的大脑区域，但它在神经变性和神经炎症中的作用仍然知之甚少。本综述旨在描述 PPAR-β/δ 及其新型激动剂对神经炎症和神经退行性疾病（包括阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森氏症、亨廷顿氏病、多发性硬化症、中风和创伤性损伤）的影响的最新见解。