Viral vectors can generate high levels of recombinant protein expression providing the basis for modern vaccine development. A large number of different viral vector expression systems have been utilized for targeting viral surface proteins and tumor-associated antigens. Immunization studies in preclinical animal models have evaluated the elicited humoral and cellular responses and the possible protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious pathogens or tumor cells. Several vaccine candidates for both infectious diseases and various cancers have been subjected to a number of clinical trials. Human immunization trials have confirmed safe application of viral vectors, generation of neutralizing antibodies and protection against challenges with lethal doses. A special emphasis is placed on COVID-19 vaccines based on viral vectors. Likewise, the flexibility and advantages of applying viral particles, RNA replicons and DNA replicon vectors of self-replicating RNA viruses for vaccine development are presented.

中文翻译：

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病毒载体在疫苗开发中的应用，特别是针对 COVID-19 的疫苗

病毒载体可以产生高水平的重组蛋白表达，为现代疫苗开发提供基础。大量不同的病毒载体表达系统已被用于靶向病毒表面蛋白和肿瘤相关抗原。临床前动物模型的免疫研究评估了引发的体液和细胞反应以及针对致命剂量的传染性病原体或肿瘤细胞挑战的可能保护作用。针对传染病和各种癌症的几种候选疫苗已经进行了多项临床试验。人体免疫试验已证实病毒载体的安全应用、中和抗体的产生以及针对致命剂量挑战的保护。特别强调基于病毒载体的 COVID-19 疫苗。同样，介绍了应用自我复制RNA病毒的病毒颗粒、RNA复制子和DNA复制子载体进行疫苗开发的灵活性和优势。