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Landscape monitoring reveals initial trends in occupancy and activity of bats in multiple‐use forests
Austral Ecology ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-17 , DOI: 10.1111/aec.12976 Bradley Law 1 , Leroy Gonsalves 1 , Anna McConville 2 , Patrick Tap 3
Austral Ecology ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-17 , DOI: 10.1111/aec.12976 Bradley Law 1 , Leroy Gonsalves 1 , Anna McConville 2 , Patrick Tap 3
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Biodiversity monitoring is recognised as a key action for ecologically sustainable land use, but there are few examples of landscape programmes. We outline the first five years of biodiversity monitoring focusing on insectivorous bats in low rainfall, multiple‐use forests and woodlands of the Pilliga, Australia. Using ultrasonic sampling over multiple nights, both on‐ and off‐tracks, we identify annual trends in bat activity and occupancy and environmental covariates. Trends differed depending on whether occupancy or bat activity was the response variable. Site occupancy was almost 100% and remained stable and/or did not decline for most species nor diversity over the monitoring period, suggesting little variation in bat populations. In comparison, total activity was initially very high (567 passes night−1 on‐track) and then declined by up to 40% in the following three years, but then fully recovered in the fifth year. This general pattern was evident both on‐ and off‐tracks for most taxa, though activity was three times greater on‐ than off‐track, highlighting the importance of these distinct habitat features for bats. Multivariate state‐space (MARSS) models predicted, unexpectedly, that high winter rainfall prior to our surveys was negatively related to activity for many taxa. In contrast, disturbance from timber harvesting or fire had weak or no identifiable effects on trends in activity for most taxa. One exception was Chalinolobus picatus (threatened), whose occupancy off‐tracks was negatively related to the extent of recent (<5 years) fire and to harvesting, though at the landscape scale, occupancy remained stable. This result, together with patterns for other bat taxa, suggests that disturbance effects were short‐lived/dispersed and/or environmental mitigations were effective at maintaining bat populations at a landscape level. Annual monitoring highlighted annual variation in activity and its implications when setting a baseline for monitoring. We also discuss modifications to future monitoring effort, based on the existing five years of data.
中文翻译：
景观监测揭示了多用途森林中蝙蝠的占用和活动的初步趋势
生物多样性监测被认为是生态可持续土地利用的一项关键行动，但是很少有景观方案的例子。我们概述了生物多样性监测的头五年，重点是澳大利亚皮里加（Pilliga）的低降雨量，多用途森林和林地的食虫蝙蝠。通过在轨道上和轨道外的多个夜晚使用超声波采样，我们可以确定蝙蝠活动，占用率和环境协变量的年度趋势。趋势根据响应变量是占用率还是蝙蝠活动而有所不同。在监测期内，大多数物种的站点占用率几乎为100％，保持稳定和/或没有下降，也没有多样性，这表明蝙蝠种群几乎没有变化。相比之下，最初的总活动量很高（567通过了夜晚-1正常运行），然后在接下来的三年内下降了40％，但在第五年就完全恢复了。对于大多数分类群而言，这种总体模式在轨道上和轨道外都很明显，尽管活动比轨道上大三倍，突出了这些独特的栖息地特征对蝙蝠的重要性。多元状态空间（MARSS）模型出乎意料地预测，在我们进行调查之前，冬季降雨过多与许多分类单元的活动负相关。相反，木材砍伐或火灾造成的干扰对大多数分类群的活动趋势影响微弱或没有可识别的影响。Chalinolobus picatus是一个例外（受到威胁），其占用偏离轨道与最近（<5年）大火和收成负相关，尽管在景观尺度上，占用保持稳定。该结果以及其他蝙蝠类群的模式表明，干扰效应是短暂的/分散的，并且/或者环境缓解措施可以有效地将蝙蝠种群维持在景观水平。年度监测突出了活动的年度变化及其在设定监测基准时的含义。我们还将根据现有的五年数据讨论对未来监控工作的修改。
更新日期：2020-11-17
中文翻译：
景观监测揭示了多用途森林中蝙蝠的占用和活动的初步趋势
生物多样性监测被认为是生态可持续土地利用的一项关键行动，但是很少有景观方案的例子。我们概述了生物多样性监测的头五年，重点是澳大利亚皮里加（Pilliga）的低降雨量，多用途森林和林地的食虫蝙蝠。通过在轨道上和轨道外的多个夜晚使用超声波采样，我们可以确定蝙蝠活动，占用率和环境协变量的年度趋势。趋势根据响应变量是占用率还是蝙蝠活动而有所不同。在监测期内，大多数物种的站点占用率几乎为100％，保持稳定和/或没有下降，也没有多样性，这表明蝙蝠种群几乎没有变化。相比之下，最初的总活动量很高（567通过了夜晚-1正常运行），然后在接下来的三年内下降了40％，但在第五年就完全恢复了。对于大多数分类群而言，这种总体模式在轨道上和轨道外都很明显，尽管活动比轨道上大三倍，突出了这些独特的栖息地特征对蝙蝠的重要性。多元状态空间（MARSS）模型出乎意料地预测，在我们进行调查之前，冬季降雨过多与许多分类单元的活动负相关。相反，木材砍伐或火灾造成的干扰对大多数分类群的活动趋势影响微弱或没有可识别的影响。Chalinolobus picatus是一个例外（受到威胁），其占用偏离轨道与最近（<5年）大火和收成负相关，尽管在景观尺度上，占用保持稳定。该结果以及其他蝙蝠类群的模式表明，干扰效应是短暂的/分散的，并且/或者环境缓解措施可以有效地将蝙蝠种群维持在景观水平。年度监测突出了活动的年度变化及其在设定监测基准时的含义。我们还将根据现有的五年数据讨论对未来监控工作的修改。
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