Gobies are generally small fishes which play important roles in estuarine ecosystems, yet little attention has been paid to their life-history traits in the western Pacific region. In the present study, we explored the reproductive traits of the dwarf gobies Pandaka trimaculata and P. lidwilli by examining populations in a subtropical estuary on Okinawa-jima Island, Japan, over 15 months. The Okinawan populations of both species shared similar reproductive traits. Pandaka trimaculata and P. lidwilli exhibited early female maturation at minimum sizes of 8.8 mm and 9.4 mm standard length, respectively, which indicate that populations of the Pandaka species in the subtropical region represent some of the smallest fishes in the world. However, they also had high relative body sizes at maturity relative to the attained asymptotic standard lengths, ranging from 75.8% to 80.4%, which suggests that their populations are vulnerable to negative impacts. Both species also had prolonged spawning periods, extending from February to November in P. trimaculata and from January to October in P. lidwilli, indicating that these local populations have a high potential for maintenance and resilience. Their spawning periods, sizes at maturity and fecundities varied among seasons and latitudes, possibly due to low water temperatures affecting the relative allocation of energy to growth and reproduction. Such plasticity of life-history traits in these small fishes indicates that they would be suitable models for understanding the evolution of life-history strategies and monitoring the responses of organisms to climate change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

---

Pandaka trimaculata 和 P 侏儒虾虎鱼的繁殖性状。西太平洋的利维利：来自世界上最小的鱼类之一的证据

虾虎鱼一般是在河口生态系统中发挥重要作用的小型鱼类，但在西太平洋地区对其生活史特征的关注很少。在本研究中，我们通过检查日本冲绳岛亚热带河口的种群超过 15 个月，探索了侏儒虾虎鱼 Trimaculata 和 P.lidwilli 的繁殖特征。这两个物种的冲绳种群具有相似的生殖特征。Pandaka trimaculata 和 P.lidwilli 在最小尺寸分别为 8.8 毫米和 9.4 毫米标准长度时表现出早期雌性成熟，这表明亚热带地区的 Pandaka 物种种群代表了世界上一些最小的鱼类。然而，相对于达到的渐近标准长度，它们在成熟时也具有较高的相对体型，范围从 75.8% 到 80.4%，这表明他们的人口容易受到负面影响。这两个物种的产卵期也很长，在 P. trimaculata 中从 2 月延长到 11 月，在 P.lidwilli 中从 1 月延长到 10 月，这表明这些当地种群具有很高的维持和恢复潜力。它们的产卵期、成熟时的大小和繁殖力因季节和纬度而异，这可能是由于水温低影响了生长和繁殖的能量相对分配。这些小鱼生活史特征的这种可塑性表明它们将是了解生活史策略演变和监测生物对气候变化的反应的合适模型。本文受版权保护。版权所有。这表明他们的人口容易受到负面影响。这两个物种的产卵期也很长，在 P. trimaculata 中从 2 月延长到 11 月，在 P.lidwilli 中从 1 月延长到 10 月，这表明这些当地种群具有很高的维持和恢复潜力。它们的产卵期、成熟时的大小和繁殖力因季节和纬度而异，这可能是由于低水温影响了能量在生长和繁殖中的相对分配。这些小鱼生活史特征的这种可塑性表明它们将是了解生活史策略演变和监测生物对气候变化的反应的合适模型。本文受版权保护。版权所有。这表明他们的人口容易受到负面影响。这两个物种的产卵期也很长，P. trimaculata 的产卵期从 2 月延长至 11 月，P.lidwilli 的产卵期从 1 月延长至 10 月，这表明这些当地种群具有很高的维持和恢复潜力。它们的产卵期、成熟时的大小和繁殖力因季节和纬度而异，这可能是由于水温低影响了生长和繁殖的能量相对分配。这些小鱼生活史特征的这种可塑性表明它们将是了解生活史策略演变和监测生物对气候变化的反应的合适模型。本文受版权保护。版权所有。