Background

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is a complex mixture of fine particulates with large spatiotemporal heterogeneities in chemical compositions. While PM_2.5 has been associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), little is known about the relationship between specific chemical components of PM_2.5 and GDM. We examined the associations between GDM and pregnancy exposures to PM_2.5 and its compositions, including sulfate (SO₄^2-), ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃^-), organic matter (OM), black carbon (BC), mineral dust (DUST), and sea-salt (SS), and to identify critical windows of exposure.

Methods

We used data from the 2005-2015 Florida Vital Statistics Birth Records. A well-validated geoscience-derived model was used to estimate women’s pregnancy exposures to PM_2.5 and its compositions. Distributed lag models were used to examine the associations and to identify the critical windows of exposure.

Results

A total of 2,078,669 women were included. In single-pollutant models, after controlling for potential confounders, positive associations between PM_2.5 and GDM were observed during the second trimester of pregnancy. We found positive associations between SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OM and BC, with largest effect sizes observed in the 21-24 weeks of pregnancy. Negative associations were observed for DUST and SS. Consistent results for NH₄⁺, OM, DUST and SS were observed in the multi-pollutant models.

Conclusions

Exposures to PM_2.5 and its compositions (mainly NH₄⁺, OM) during the second trimester are positively associated with GDM, especially for exposures during the 21-24 weeks of pregnancy. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings and examine the underlying mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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PM _2.5的化学成分与妊娠糖尿病之间的关联

背景

细颗粒物（PM _2.5）是化学组成中具有较大时空异质性的细颗粒的复杂混合物。虽然PM _2.5与妊娠糖尿病（GDM）有关，但对PM _2.5的特定化学成分与GDM之间的关系知之甚少。我们检查GDM和妊娠曝光之间的关联，以PM _2.5和它的组合物，包括硫酸盐（SO ₄ ^2-），铵（NH ₄ ⁺），硝酸（NO ₃ ^- ），有机物（OM），黑碳（BC） ，矿物粉尘（DUST）和海盐（SS），并确定暴露的关键窗口。

方法

我们使用了2005-2015年佛罗里达生命统计出生记录中的数据。一个经过充分验证的地球科学衍生模型被用来估计妇女的PM _2.5及其成分对孕妇的暴露程度。分布式滞后模型用于检查关联并确定暴露的关键窗口。

结果

总共包括2,0,78,669名妇女。在单一污染物模型中，在控制了潜在的混杂因素之后，在妊娠中期就发现了PM _2.5与GDM之间的正相关。我们发现有正相关SO之间₄ ^2-，NH ₄ ⁺，NO ₃ ^-，OM和BC，具有最大的影响大小在21-24周妊娠的观察。观察到DUST和SS呈负相关。在多污染物模型中，NH ₄ ⁺，OM，DUST和SS的结果一致。

结论

妊娠中期暴露于PM _2.5及其成分（主要是NH ₄ ⁺，OM）与GDM呈正相关，尤其是在妊娠21-24周期间。需要进一步的研究来确认发现并检查潜在的机制。