ABSTRACT Most research to enrich the environment of psittacines in captivity has focused on foraging. Little is known about the importance of bathing substrates for enrichment of their environment, despite this being a natural behaviour that is rarely possible in captivity. Twelve captive-bred, adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) were housed in groups of four in three aviary replicates. An initial choice test determined preferences for different substrates: earth, sand, wood shavings, shallow and deep water. Each substrate was provided in trays on the floor, together with an empty tray as a control. Positions were rearranged daily following a Latin square design. No bathing behaviours were observed but wood shavings, earth and sand were visited most frequently. Shallow water and the control were visited less frequently than wood shavings, and deep water was visited less than any of the other treatments. Thus alternatives to water were chosen to test the effects of substrates on bird behaviour, in particular flying as the aim was to encourage the birds to visit the substrate. In a changeover design with three one-week periods the behaviour of cockatiels provided with wood shavings, earth or a control were compared. Birds in the Wood shaving and Earth treatments flew more to the ground, compared to the Control treatment. This was more often from the wall and faster in the case of the Wood shavings and more often from their perch in the Earth treatment. However, those in the Control treatment flew more from the perch to the wall, with no net difference in total flying. It is concluded that provision of wood shavings or earth will provide an alternative to flying from the perch to the wall, but did not otherwise affect the behaviour of the birds.

中文翻译：

---

环境丰容对鸟舍中玄凤鹦鹉（Nymphicus hollandicus）行为的影响

摘要 大多数关于改善圈养鹦鹉环境的研究都集中在觅食上。人们对沐浴基质对丰富环境的重要性知之甚少，尽管这是一种在圈养环境中很少可能发生的自然行为。12 只人工饲养的成年玄凤鹦鹉 (Nymphicus hollandicus) 以四只一组的形式饲养在三个鸟舍重复中。初步选择测试确定了对不同基质的偏好：泥土、沙子、刨花、浅水和深水。每个基材都放在地板上的托盘中，连同一个空托盘作为对照。位置按照拉丁方设计每天重新排列。没有观察到沐浴行为，但最常访问的是刨花、泥土和沙子。浅水区和控制区的访问频率低于刨花，深水的访问量少于任何其他处理。因此，选择水的替代品来测试基质对鸟类行为的影响，特别是飞行，因为目的是鼓励鸟类访问基质。在具有三个一周周期的转换设计中，比较了提供木屑、泥土或对照的玄凤鹦鹉的行为。与对照处理相比，刨花和泥土处理中的鸟类更多地飞向地面。这在木屑的情况下更多地来自墙壁并且更快，并且更多地来自它们在地球处理中的栖息处。然而，那些在控制治疗中从鲈鱼飞到墙上的人更多，在总飞行上没有净差异。