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Conservation genetics of yellow-bellied toads ( Bombina variegata ): a matter of geographical scale and isolation
Conservation Genetics ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-18 , DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01320-3
Alena Marcella Hantzschmann , Ulrich Sinsch , Christa Göttlicher , Heike Pröhl

Amphibian populations world-wide are threatened by declines and extinctions mainly due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation threatens the yellow-bellied toad Bombina variegata in the northern and western regions of its distribution where it is strictly protected. We studied the genetic structure and diversity of populations at three geographical scales using microsatellite loci to detect potential threats for population persistence. At the local scale, we sampled four neighbouring localities at 1–2.6 km distance to detect effects of short-term (decades) fragmentation on connectivity. At the regional scale, five additional localities in the mountains of the Westerwald (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) were studied at up to 50.1 km distance to analyse genetic diversity and population structure. At the continental scale, we included data from regions in the northern distribution with fragmented populations (Hesse and Lower Saxony, Germany) and more continuous populations in the South (Alsace, France; Geneva, Switzerland; Trentino, Italy) to evaluate variation of genetic diversity. At the local scale, short-term fragmentation caused significant genetic differentiation between breeding assemblages only 1.4 km apart from each other. At the regional scale, we found notable genetic distance among localities. At the continental scale, we identified Alsace, Trentino and Geneva in the South as regions with low genetic structuring and high allelic richness, and the northern remaining regions in Germany as deeply structured with reduced allelic richness. We suggest that reduced genetic diversity and habitat fragmentation in northern regions makes these populations particularly vulnerable to decline. In conclusion, informed conservation management of B. variegata should focus on measures maintaining or improving connectivity among neighbouring populations.



中文翻译:

黄腹蟾蜍(Bombina variegata)的保护遗传学:地理范围和隔离问题

主要由于栖息地丧失和破碎化,世界范围内的两栖动物种群数量正面临减少和灭绝的威胁。栖息地破碎威胁着黄腹蟾蜍Bombina variegata在其分布的北部和西部地区受到严格保护。我们使用微卫星基因座在三个地理尺度上研究了种群的遗传结构和多样性,以检测对种群持久性的潜在威胁。在本地范围内,我们在1–2.6 km的距离处对四个邻近地区进行了采样,以检测短期(数十年)碎片化对连通性的影响。在区域范围内,对韦斯特瓦尔德山区(莱茵兰-普法尔茨州,德国)的另外五个地方进行了研究,最远距离为50.1公里,以分析遗传多样性和种群结构。在大陆范围内,我们纳入了北部地区人口分散的地区(德国黑森州和下萨克森州)和南部地区更连续的地区(法国阿尔萨斯,瑞士日内瓦,瑞士,意大利特伦蒂诺),以评估遗传多样性的变异。在当地范围内,短期的分裂导致育种组合之间只有1.4 km的显着遗传分化。在区域范围内,我们发现了不同地区之间的显着遗传距离。在大陆范围内,我们将南部的阿尔萨斯,特伦蒂诺和日内瓦确定为遗传结构低,等位基因丰富度高的地区,而德国北部的其余地区则是深等结构,等位基因丰富度降低了。我们认为,北部地区遗传多样性的减少和栖息地的破碎化使这些种群特别容易遭受衰退。总之,明智的保护管理 短期分裂导致育种组合之间只有1.4 km的显着遗传分化。在区域范围内,我们发现了不同地区之间的显着遗传距离。在大陆范围内,我们将南部的阿尔萨斯,特伦蒂诺和日内瓦确定为遗传结构低,等位基因丰富度高的地区,而德国北部的其余地区则是深等结构,等位基因丰富度降低了。我们认为,北部地区遗传多样性的减少和栖息地的破碎化使这些种群特别容易遭受衰退。总之,明智的保护管理 短期分裂导致育种组合之间只有1.4 km的显着遗传分化。在区域范围内,我们发现了不同地区之间的显着遗传距离。在大陆范围内,我们将南部的阿尔萨斯,特伦蒂诺和日内瓦确定为遗传结构低,等位基因丰富度高的地区,而德国北部的其余地区则是深等结构,等位基因丰富度降低了。我们认为,北部地区遗传多样性的减少和栖息地的破碎化使这些种群特别容易遭受衰退。总之,明智的保护管理 南部的特伦蒂诺和日内瓦是遗传结构低,等位基因丰富度高的地区,而德国北部的其余地区则具有深厚的结构,等位基因丰富度降低。我们认为,北部地区遗传多样性的减少和栖息地的破碎化使这些种群特别容易遭受衰退。总之,明智的保护管理 南部的特伦蒂诺和日内瓦是遗传结构低,等位基因丰富度高的地区,而德国北部的其余地区则具有深厚的结构,等位基因丰富度降低。我们认为,北部地区遗传多样性的减少和栖息地的破碎化使这些种群特别容易遭受衰退。总之,明智的保护管理杂色芽孢杆菌应集中于维持或改善邻近人群之间的连通性的措施。

更新日期:2020-11-18
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