Abstract No, defects are not always bad. Vacancies, antisites, or impurities are in general trapped at the grain boundaries and contribute to scattering (of charge carriers). In general, grain boundaries reduce the performance (efficiency of the solar cell). However, there are certain materials where the defects enhance performance. CdTe, CuInSe2 (CIS), Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) are a few examples. The present work involves CAFM studies on CZTS films deposited to Si and soda-lime glass substrate to explore the underlying physics behind unique grain boundary physics in CZTS. Discussions are made in the light of the reactions that take place on CZTS surface and corresponding energy band diagrams are drawn

中文翻译：

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CZTS 晶界有何不同？

摘要 不，缺陷并不总是坏的。空位、反位点或杂质通常被困在晶界处，并有助于（电荷载流子的）散射。通常，晶界会降低性能（太阳能电池的效率）。但是，某些材料的缺陷会提高性能。CdTe、CuInSe2 (CIS)、Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) 是几个例子。目前的工作涉及对沉积在 Si 和钠钙玻璃基板上的 CZTS 薄膜进行 CAFM 研究，以探索 CZTS 中独特晶界物理背后的基础物理。根据CZTS表面发生的反应进行讨论并绘制相应的能带图