ABSTRACT The grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) Botryosphaeria dieback and esca threaten the sustainability of the grapevine industry worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various liquid (pyraclostrobin + boscalid and thiophanate methyl) and paste (paste + tebuconazole) formulation fungicide treatments as well as biological control agents (Trichoderma atroviride SC1 and T. atroviride I-1237), for their potential to prevent infection of grapevine pruning wounds by Diplodia seriata and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in two field trials over two growing seasons. Treatments were applied to freshly pruned wounds following label dosages’ recommendations. After 24 hours, wounds were artificially inoculated with 400 spores of D. seriata or 800 spores of P. chlamydospora. Isolations were made from the treated pruning wounds after 12 months to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments. Fungicide formulations were superior to Trichoderma-based treatments for the control of both pathogens during both growing seasons, with mean percent disease control of 44 to 95% for D. seriata and 46 to 67% for P. chlamydospora. Pyraclostrobin + boscalid was the most effective treatment. Trichoderma atroviride-based treatments did not reduce infection by D. seriata or P. chlamydospora compared to the untreated inoculated control in both vineyards and seasons. This study represents the first scientific comparative vineyard assessment of both commercial and biological treatments to protect pruning wounds against GTD fungi in Europe and provides growers with tangible preventative control practices to minimize yield losses due to GTD.

中文翻译：

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通过商业生物和化学方法保护葡萄修剪伤口免受厚壁斑病菌和锯齿状双孢菌的侵害

摘要葡萄树干病（GTD）葡萄球菌枯死和esca威胁着全球葡萄产业的可持续性。本研究旨在评估和比较各种液体（唑菌胺酯 + 啶酰菌胺和甲基硫菌灵）和糊剂（糊剂 + 戊唑醇）制剂杀菌剂处理以及生物防治剂（Trichoderma atroviride SC1 和 T. atroviride I-1237）的功效。在两个生长季节的两个田间试验中，它们有可能防止葡萄藤修剪伤口被 锯齿状双孢菌和厚壁褐斑病菌感染。按照标签剂量的建议对新修剪的伤口进行治疗。24 小时后，用 400 个 D. seriata 孢子或 800 个 P. chlamydospora 孢子人工接种伤口。12 个月后，从处理过的修剪伤口中进行隔离，以评估处理效果。在两个生长季节，杀菌剂制剂在控制两种病原体方面均优于基于木霉属的处理方法，对 D. seriata 的平均疾病控制百分比为 44% 至 95%，对 P. chlamydospora 为 46% 至 67%。唑菌胺酯 + 啶酰菌胺是最有效的治疗方法。在葡萄园和季节中，与未处理的接种对照相比，基于木霉属 atroviride 的处理并未减少 D. seriata 或 P. chlamydospora 的感染。这项研究代表了对商业和生物处理的首次科学比较葡萄园评估，以保护欧洲的修剪伤口免受 GTD 真菌的侵害，并为种植者提供切实的预防控制措施，以最大限度地减少 GTD 造成的产量损失。