Background

Investigating the complexity of movement systems can be insightful in clinical decision making. The study conducted to evaluate whether complexity of ground reaction force is affected by hallux valgus grades and footwear or foot side conditions.

Methods

A sample of 120 females including 30 participants in each group of healthy and mild, moderate, and severe hallux valgus were recruited in this case-control study. Hallux valgus grades were assessed using Manchester scale. Ground reaction force were measured in bare foot and shod conditions for both feet and weighted permutation entropy was used to calculate the complexity. Nonparametric tests were employed for statistical inference.

Findings

The first important result was that hallux valgus caused loss of complexity of ground reaction force with a medium to large effect size. However, we did not find any difference between three grades of hallux valgus entropy. The second finding was that entropy of healthy group decreased from barefoot to shod condition with a large effect size and the third finding was that ground reaction force entropy were similar in both feet.

Interpretation

The findings are aligned with the theory that loss of complexity appears when the biological systems become functionally impaired. As soon as hallux valgus initiates, all potential risks related to the reduction of complexity appear. So, we suggest to administer conservative treatments in the early stages of hallux valgus. The study outcomes can be used for evaluation of foot function, classification of the foot types, or footwear selection.

中文翻译：

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拇外翻的地面反作用力复杂度

背景

研究运动系统的复杂性可能对临床决策具有洞察力。该研究旨在评估地面反作用力的复杂性是否受拇外翻等级和鞋类或脚侧条件的影响。

方法

这项病例对照研究招募了120名女性样本，包括健康和轻度，中度和重度拇外翻各组的30名参与者。使用曼彻斯特量表评估拇外翻等级。在赤脚和靴子条件下，测量双脚的地面反作用力，并使用加权置换熵计算复杂度。非参数检验用于统计推断。

发现

第一个重要结果是拇外翻引起了地面反作用力复杂性的丧失，而效应的大小却变大了。但是，我们没有发现三个等级的拇外翻熵之间有任何区别。第二个发现是健康组的熵从赤脚状态降低到穿鞋情况，影响大小较大；第三个发现是地面反作用力熵在两只脚中相似。

解释

这些发现与生物系统功能受损时会出现复杂性丧失的理论相吻合。一旦拇外翻开始，所有与降低复杂性有关的潜在风险就会出现。因此，我们建议在拇外翻的早期进行保守治疗。研究结果可用于评估脚功能，脚类型分类或鞋类选择。