Abstract

Staphylococcins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins produced by staphylococci. They can be separated into different classes, depending on their amino acid composition, structural complexity, and steps involved in their production. In this review, an overview of the current knowledge on staphylococcins will be presented with emphasis on the information collected in the last decade, including a brief description of new peptides. Most staphylococcins characterized to date are either lantibiotics or linear class II bacteriocins. Recently, gene clusters coding for production of circular bacteriocins, sactipeptides, and thiopeptides have been mined from the genome of staphylococcal isolates. In contrast to class II bacteriocins, lantibiotics, sactipeptides, and thiopeptides undergo post-translational modifications that can be quite extensive, depending on the peptide. Few staphylococcins inhibit only some staphylococcal species, but most of them have proven to target pathogens belonging to different genera and involved in a variety of infectious diseases of clinical or agronomic importance. Therefore, these peptides exhibit potential application as anti-infective drugs in different areas. This review will also cover this diverse and remarkable potential. To be commercialized, however, staphylococcin production should be cost-effective and result in high bacteriocin yields, which are not generally achieved from the culture supernatant of their native producers. Such low yields make their production quite costly and not suitable at large industrial scale. Efforts already made to overcome this limitation, minimizing costs and time of production of some staphylococcins and employing either chemical synthesis or in vivo biosynthesis, will be addressed in this review as well.

Key points

• Staphylococci produce a variety of antimicrobial peptides known as staphylococcins.

• Most staphylococcins are post-translationally modified peptides.

• Staphylococcins exhibit potential biotechnological applications.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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葡萄球菌：由葡萄球菌产生的抗菌肽的更新及其潜在应用

摘要

葡萄球菌是由葡萄球菌产生的抗菌肽或蛋白质。根据其氨基酸组成，结构复杂性以及生产过程中涉及的步骤，可以将它们分为不同的类别。在这篇综述中，将对葡萄球菌的最新知识进行概述，重点是在过去十年中收集的信息，包括对新肽的简短描述。迄今为止，大多数表征的葡萄球菌是羊毛硫抗生素或线性II类细菌素。最近，已从葡萄球菌分离株的基因组中挖掘出了编码环状细菌素，半乳糖肽和硫肽生产的基因簇。与II类细菌素相比，羊毛硫抗生素，半乳糖肽和硫肽要经历广泛的翻译后修饰，取决于肽。很少有葡萄球菌仅能抑制某些葡萄球菌，但大多数已证明能靶向属于不同属的病原体，并参与多种具有临床或农学重要性的传染病。因此，这些肽作为抗感染药在不同领域具有潜在的应用前景。这次审查还将涵盖这种多样化的巨大潜力。然而，要商业化，葡萄球菌的生产应该具有成本效益，并导致高细菌素产量，而这通常不能从其天然生产者的培养上清液中获得。如此低的收率使得它们的生产相当昂贵并且不适用于大规模的工业规模。为克服此限制而进行的努力，

关键点

•葡萄球菌可产生多种抗菌肽，称为葡萄球菌。

•大多数葡萄球菌是翻译后修饰的肽。

•葡萄球菌具有潜在的生物技术应用前景。

图形概要