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Microwave-assisted green synthesis of levulinate esters as biofuel precursors using calix[4]arene as an organocatalyst under solvent-free conditions
Sustainable Energy & Fuels ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 , DOI: 10.1039/d0se01257b Gabriel Abranches Dias Castro 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Sergio Antonio Fernandes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Sustainable Energy & Fuels ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 , DOI: 10.1039/d0se01257b Gabriel Abranches Dias Castro 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Sergio Antonio Fernandes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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Levulinic acid, one of the top 12 value-added chemicals, can be obtained by the transformation of biomass by acid catalysis. Alkyl levulinate has been widely explored as a precursor for obtaining renewable fuel additives. In this work, the organocatalyst CX4SO3H was employed for the first time as an organocatalyst for levulinic acid esterification reactions. Various parameters, such as the temperature, reaction time, and catalyst load, were investigated. The optimized reaction conditions were a reaction temperature of 80 °C (MWI), a reaction time of 2.5 min, a CX4SO3H catalyst load of 1 mol% and solvent-free conditions. Ten different alcohols were evaluated for the synthesis of alkyl levulinate with high yields (ca. 99%), with the exception of tert-butyl alcohol (13% yield). The levulinic acid esterification reaction, a type of green chemistry reaction, has many advantages such as (i) creation of a new C–O bonds, (ii) water being the sole waste, (iii) 100% carbon economy, (iv) metal- and solvent-free processes, (v) short time and (vi) nontoxic and reusable organocatalysts. These advantages, along with the simple workup procedure, make this efficient protocol a greener alternative to the traditional methods used for the synthesis of levulinate esters to generate biofuels.
中文翻译：
在无溶剂条件下使用杯[4]芳烃作为有机催化剂，微波辅助绿色合成乙酰丙酸酯作为生物燃料前体
左旋丙酸是12种高附加值化学品之一，可以通过酸催化转化生物质而获得。乙酰丙酸烷基酯已被广泛地用作获得可再生燃料添加剂的前体。在这项工作中，有机催化剂CX4SO 3 H首次用作乙酰丙酸酯化反应的有机催化剂。研究了各种参数，例如温度，反应时间和催化剂负载。优化的反应条件是：反应温度为80°C（MWI），反应时间为2.5分钟，CX4SO 3 H催化剂负载量为1 mol％和无溶剂条件。评价了十种不同的醇可高产率（约99％）合成乙酰丙酸烷基酯，但叔丁醇（13％产率）。乙酰丙酸酯化反应是一种绿色化学反应，具有许多优点，例如（i）建立新的C-O键，（ii）水是唯一的废物，（iii）100％的碳经济，（iv） （v）短时间和（vi）无毒且可重复使用的有机催化剂。这些优点以及简单的后处理程序使该有效方案成为用于合成乙酰丙酸酯以生成生物燃料的传统方法的绿色替代方案。
更新日期：2020-12-17
中文翻译：
在无溶剂条件下使用杯[4]芳烃作为有机催化剂，微波辅助绿色合成乙酰丙酸酯作为生物燃料前体
左旋丙酸是12种高附加值化学品之一，可以通过酸催化转化生物质而获得。乙酰丙酸烷基酯已被广泛地用作获得可再生燃料添加剂的前体。在这项工作中，有机催化剂CX4SO 3 H首次用作乙酰丙酸酯化反应的有机催化剂。研究了各种参数，例如温度，反应时间和催化剂负载。优化的反应条件是：反应温度为80°C（MWI），反应时间为2.5分钟，CX4SO 3 H催化剂负载量为1 mol％和无溶剂条件。评价了十种不同的醇可高产率（约99％）合成乙酰丙酸烷基酯，但叔丁醇（13％产率）。乙酰丙酸酯化反应是一种绿色化学反应，具有许多优点，例如（i）建立新的C-O键，（ii）水是唯一的废物，（iii）100％的碳经济，（iv） （v）短时间和（vi）无毒且可重复使用的有机催化剂。这些优点以及简单的后处理程序使该有效方案成为用于合成乙酰丙酸酯以生成生物燃料的传统方法的绿色替代方案。
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