A wide variety of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic species sense and respond to light, having developed protective mechanisms to adapt to damaging effects on DNA and proteins. While the biology of UV light-induced damage has been well studied, cellular responses to stress from visible light (400–700 nm) remain poorly understood despite being a regular part of the life cycle of many organisms. Here, we developed a high-throughput method for measuring growth under visible light stress and used it to screen for light sensitivity in the yeast gene deletion collection. We found genes involved in HOG pathway signaling, RNA polymerase II transcription, translation, diphthamide modifications of the translational elongation factor eEF2, and the oxidative stress response to be required for light resistance. Reduced nuclear localization of the transcription factor Msn2 and lower glycogen accumulation indicated higher protein kinase A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA) activity in many light-sensitive gene deletion strains. We therefore used an ectopic fluorescent PKA reporter and mutants with constitutively altered PKA activity to show that repression of PKA is essential for resistance to visible light. We conclude that yeast photobiology is multifaceted and that protein kinase A plays a key role in the ability of cells to grow upon visible light exposure. We propose that visible light impacts on the biology and evolution of many non-photosynthetic organisms and have practical implications for how organisms are studied in the laboratory, with or without illumination.

中文翻译：

---

蛋白激酶A控制酵母在可见光下的生长

各种各样的光合和非光合物种感知并响应光，并已开发出保护机制以适应对DNA和蛋白质的破坏作用。尽管已经对紫外线引起的损伤的生物学进行了深入研究，但是尽管它是许多生物生命周期的常规组成部分，但细胞对可见光（400-700 nm）胁迫的反应仍知之甚少。在这里，我们开发了一种高通量方法来测量可见光胁迫下的生长，并用它来筛选酵母基因缺失集合中的光敏性。我们发现参与HOG途径信号传导，RNA聚合酶II转录，翻译，翻译延伸因子eEF2的二硫酰胺修饰以及抗氧化所需的氧化应激反应的基因。转录因子Msn2的核定位降低和糖原积累降低表明在许多光敏基因缺失菌株中较高的蛋白激酶A（cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶，PKA）活性。因此，我们使用了异位荧光PKA报道分子和PKA组成性改变的突变体，以表明PKA的抑制对于可见光的抵抗至关重要。我们得出结论，酵母的光生物学是多方面的，蛋白激酶A在可见光照射下的细胞生长能力中起着关键作用。我们建议可见光对许多非光合作用生物的生物学和进化有影响，并且对在实验室中研究有无照明的生物有实际意义。