In recent years considerable progress has been made in the development of faithful procedures for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). An important step in this direction has also been the derivation of organoids. This technology generally relies on traditional three-dimensional culture techniques that exploit cell-autonomous self-organization responses of hPSCs with minimal control over the external inputs supplied to the system. The convergence of stem cell biology and bioengineering offers the possibility to provide these stimuli in a controlled fashion, resulting in the development of naturally inspired approaches to overcome major limitations of this nascent technology. Based on the current developments, we emphasize the achievements and ongoing challenges of bringing together hPSC organoid differentiation, bioengineering and ethics. This Review underlines the need for providing engineering solutions to gain control of self-organization and functionality of hPSC-derived organoids. We expect that this knowledge will guide the community to generate higher-grade hPSC-derived organoids for further applications in developmental biology, drug screening, disease modelling and personalized medicine.

近年来，在开发人多能干细胞（hPSC）的忠实程序方面已经取得了相当大的进步。朝这个方向迈出的重要一步也是类器官的推导。该技术通常依赖于传统的三维培养技术，该技术利用hPSC的细胞自主自组织响应，而对提供给系统的外部输入的控制却很少。干细胞生物学和生物工程学的融合提供了以受控方式提供这些刺激的可能性，从而导致了自然启发方法的发展，以克服这一新兴技术的主要局限性。根据当前的发展情况，我们强调将hPSC类器官分化整合在一起的成就和持续的挑战，生物工程与伦理学。该评论强调需要提供工程解决方案以控制hPSC衍生的类器官的自组织和功能。我们希望这些知识将指导社区生成更高等级的hPSC衍生的类器官，以进一步应用于发育生物学，药物筛选，疾病建模和个性化医学。