Interest for the study of gut mycobiota in relation with human health and immune homeostasis has increased in the last years. From this perspective, new tools to study the immune/fungal interface are warranted. Systemic humoral immune responses could reflect the dynamic relationships between gut mycobiota and immunity. Using a novel flow cytometry technology (Fungi-Flow) to determine immunoglobulin (Ig) responses to fungi, we studied the relationships between gut mycobiota and systemic humoral anti-commensal immunity. The Fungi-Flow method allows a sensitive and specific measurement of systemic IgG responses against 17 commensal and environmental fungi from the two main divisions; Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. IgG responses exhibited a high inter-individual variability. Anti-commensal IgG responses were contrasted with the relative abundance, alpha-diversity, and intra-genus richness of fungal species in gut mycobiota of twenty healthy donors. Categorization of gut mycobiota composition revealed two differentiated fungal ecosystems. Significant difference of anti-Saccharomyces systemic IgG responses were observed in healthy donors stratified according to the fungal ecosystem colonizing their gut. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the variety of IgG responses against fungal commensals and intestinal alpha-diversity. At the level of intra-genus species richness, intense IgG responses were associated with a low intra-genus richness for known pathobionts, but not commensals. Fungi-Flow allows an easy and reliable measure of personalized humoral responses against commensal fungi. Combining sequencing technology with our novel Fungi-Flow immunological method, we propose that there are at least two defined ecosystems in the human gut mycobiome associated with systemic humoral responses. Fungi-Flow opens new opportunities to improve our knowledge about the impact of mycobiota in humoral anti-commensal immunity and homeostasis.

中文翻译：

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流式细胞仪分析对真菌的全身性抗共生反应与肠道菌群生态学有关

近年来，人们对与人类健康和免疫稳态有关的肠道菌群的研究兴趣增加了。从这个角度来看，研究免疫/真菌界面的新工具是必要的。全身性体液免疫反应可以反映肠道菌群与免疫力之间的动态关系。使用新颖的流式细胞仪技术（真菌流）确定对真菌的免疫球蛋白（Ig）反应，我们研究了肠道菌群和全身性体液抗共免疫的关系。Fungi-Flow方法可对来自两个主要部门的17种常见和环境真菌的系统性IgG响应进行灵敏和特异性的测量。子囊菌和担子菌。IgG反应表现出很高的个体间变异性。抗共IgG反应与相对丰度形成对比，20个健康供体肠道真菌菌群中真菌物种的α多样性和属内丰富度。肠道菌群组成的分类揭示了两个不同的真菌生态系统。在根据肠道菌落定居的真菌生态系统分层的健康供体中，观察到抗酵母菌的系统性IgG反应存在显着差异。在针对真菌共生的IgG反应与肠道α-多样性之间观察到正相关和显着相关。在属内物种丰富度的水平上，对于已知的病原生物，强烈的IgG反应与较低的属内丰富度相关，但不是共鸣。Fungi-Flow可以轻松，可靠地衡量针对共生真菌的个性化体液反应。将测序技术与我们新颖的真菌流免疫方法相结合，我们建议在人类肠道菌群中至少存在两个与系统性体液反应相关的生态系统。Fungi-Flow开辟了新的机会，可提高我们对分支杆菌对体液抗共免疫和体内平衡影响的认识。