Abstract Metal oxide charge carrier transporting materials have been incorporated in many ways in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of their excellent chemical stability, wide band gaps, and reasonable mobilities. Herein, we report a low-temperature solution-processed intercalation method for introducing metal oxides displaying bipolar transporting capability into PSCs. We intercalated p-type nickel oxide (NiO) with cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) to function as hole and electron transport layers for inverted (p–i–n) and conventional planar (n–i–p) PSCs, respectively. When compared with the corresponding NiO-only hole transporting layer, the Cs2CO3-intercalated NiO layer displayed enhanced electron extraction without sacrificing its hole extraction capability. The power conversion efficiencies of the inverted and conventional planar PSCs reached as high as 12.08 and 13.98%, respectively. This approach not only realizes the bipolar extraction capacity of Cs2CO3-intercalated p-type metal oxides but also opens up a possible route for preparing interconnecting layers for tandem optoelectronics.

中文翻译：

---

用于高效钙钛矿太阳能电池的低温处理双极金属氧化物电荷传输层

摘要 金属氧化物电荷载流子传输材料因其优异的化学稳定性、宽带隙和合理的迁移率而以多种方式被纳入钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC)。在此，我们报告了一种低温溶液处理插层方法，用于将显示双极传输能力的金属氧化物引入 PSC。我们将 p 型氧化镍 (NiO) 与碳酸铯 (Cs2CO3) 插入，分别用作倒置 (p-i-n) 和传统平面 (n-i-p) PSC 的空穴和电子传输层。与相应的仅含 NiO 的空穴传输层相比，Cs2CO3 嵌入的 NiO 层显示出增强的电子提取，而不会牺牲其空穴提取能力。倒置和传统平面 PSC 的功率转换效率分别高达 12.08% 和 13.98%。这种方法不仅实现了 Cs2CO3 插层 p 型金属氧化物的双极提取能力，而且为制备串联光电互连层开辟了可能的途径。