Cell death occurs when a pathogen invades a host organism or the organism is subjected to sterile injury. Thus, cell death is often closely associated with the induction of an immune response. Furthermore, cell death can occur as a consequence of the immune response and precedes the tissue renewal and repair responses that are initiated by innate immune cells during resolution of an immune response. Beyond immunity, cell death is required for development, morphogenesis and homeostasis. How can such a ubiquitous event as cell death trigger such a wide range of context-specific effector responses? Dying cells are sensed by innate immune cells using specialized receptors and phagocytosed through a process termed efferocytosis. Here, we outline a general principle whereby signals within the dead cell as well as the environment are integrated by specific efferocytes to define the appropriate effector response.

当病原体侵入宿主有机体或有机体受到无菌损伤时，就会发生细胞死亡。因此，细胞死亡通常与免疫反应的诱导密切相关。此外，细胞死亡可能是免疫反应的结果，并且先于先天免疫细胞在免疫反应消退期间引发的组织更新和修复反应。除了免疫，细胞死亡是发育、形态发生和体内平衡所必需的。像细胞死亡这样普遍存在的事件如何触发如此广泛的特定环境效应反应？先天免疫细胞使用专门的受体感知垂死的细胞，并通过称为胞吐作用的过程吞噬细胞。这里，