Abstract Milk consumption has long been associated with better bone development in children, contrary to sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB); however, stronger evidence are needed. Therefore, this study aimed to use a pig model for growing children to evaluate the effect of milk vs. SBB consumption on the developing skeleton. For this, we used 24 pre-pubertal pigs (12 in Experiment 1, 8 males and 4 females, and 12 in Experiment 2, all males) randomly split into two groups to receive up to 750 mL of whole milk supplementation or an isocaloric maltodextrin solution (as SSB) for 13 or 11 weeks. Ultrasonography was used throughout the trial to record in vivo bone growth. The pigs were euthanised, and bones of the appendicular skeleton and the mandible were collected and measured with Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). A three-point bending test was used for biomechanical testing. After fracture, the cortical bone thickness was measured at three regions of the femur. Of the DEXA measurements taken, only the bone mineral density of the mandible was lower in pigs receiving milk vs. SSB. Compared to SSB, pigs consuming milk had also a larger occlusal surface thickness indicating lower teeth grinding, suggesting a calming effect of the milk. There was no difference in any biomechanical tests. In femur, the medial cortical was thicker in the SSB group, while the lateral cortical was thicker in the group receiving milk. Overall, there appears to be no effect of short-term milk supplementation on bone growth, mineral density and strength. Highlights Larger bone density and size was observed in male vs. female before puberty. Three cups of whole milk per day for 3 months did not improve bone density and strength compared to isoenergetic sugar-sweetened beverage in prepubertal pigs used as model for growing children despite higher amount of calcium in the diet. Lower bone density in the ramus of the mandible and less teeth grinding indicated a reduced stress in the animals feed with milk.

中文翻译：

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牛奶与含糖饮料补充剂对青春期前猪骨骼发育的影响作为儿童模型

摘要 长期以来，与含糖饮料 (SSB) 不同，饮用牛奶与儿童骨骼发育更好有关。然而，还需要更有力的证据。因此，本研究旨在使用生长儿童的猪模型来评估牛奶与 SBB 消耗量对发育中骨骼的影响。为此，我们使用了 24 头青春期前的猪（实验 1 中 12 头，8 头雄性和 4 头雌性，实验 2 中 12 头，所有雄性）随机分成两组，分别接受多达 750 毫升的全脂牛奶补充剂或等热量麦芽糊精溶液（作为 SSB）持续 13 或 11 周。在整个试验过程中使用超声检查记录体内骨骼生长。对猪实施安乐死，收集四肢骨骼和下颌骨，并用双 X 射线吸收仪 (DEXA) 进行测量。三点弯曲试验用于生物力学测试。骨折后，测量股骨三个区域的皮质骨厚度。在进行的 DEXA 测量中，与 SSB 相比，接受牛奶的猪只下颌骨的骨矿物质密度较低。与 SSB 相比，食用牛奶的猪的咬合面厚度也更大，表明磨牙程度较低，表明牛奶具有镇静作用。在任何生物力学测试中都没有差异。在股骨中，SSB 组的内侧皮质较厚，而接受牛奶组的外侧皮质较厚。总体而言，短期补充牛奶似乎对骨骼生长、矿物质密度和强度没有影响。亮点 在青春期前，男性与女性的骨密度和骨量更大。尽管饮食中钙含量较高，但与用作生长儿童模型的青春期前猪的等能含糖饮料相比，每天 3 杯全脂牛奶 3 个月并没有改善骨密度和强度。下颌骨支中较低的骨密度和较少的磨牙表明用牛奶喂养的动物的压力降低。