ABSTRACT

Flowers are the flagship structure of angiosperms (flowering plants). This spectacular innovation has probably contributed in a significant way to the extraordinary success of angiosperms, which today make up 90% of land plant species. Flowering plants display a beautiful and spectacular diversity of floral forms that results largely from the diversification of reproductive strategies, including co-adaptation with pollinators. One of the most spectacular variations concerns flower colour, with an almost endless range of shades varying from pure white to near black. In many plants, floral colours contrast with the rest of the plant, and are generally produced by the presence of pigments other than chlorophyll, although in some cases colour is created by light-reflecting structures. The biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids, anthocyanins and betalains, the three main classes pigment, have been deciphered. In many species, flower colour plays a key role in pollination as a visual cue to attract biotic pollinators. Although petals are often the most colourful and showy part of the flower, there are many exceptions, including examples where bracts are showier than the flowers themselves. Colour is usually stable within a species, resulting from adaptive processes linked to plant-pollinator relationships. The evolutionary and genetic mechanisms involved in flower colour shifts have been described in several taxa, providing insights into some of the processes that have shaped the diversity of flowering plants.

抽象的

花是被子植物（开花植物）的旗舰结构。这项引人注目的创新可能对被子植物的巨大成功做出了重大贡献，被子植物如今已占陆地植物物种的90％。开花植物展现出美丽而壮观的花卉形式，这很大程度上是由于生殖策略的多样化，包括与传粉媒介的共同适应所致。最引人注目的变化之一是花的颜色，几乎无尽的阴影范围从纯白色到接近黑色。在许多植物中，花色与植物的其余部分形成对比，通常是由叶绿素以外的颜料产生的，尽管在某些情况下，颜色是由反光结构产生的。类胡萝卜素的生物合成途径，花色苷和甜菜碱这三大主要色素已被解密。在许多物种中，花色作为吸引生物授粉媒介的视觉提示，在授粉中起着关键作用。尽管花瓣通常是花朵中最鲜艳，最艳丽的部分，但也有许多例外，例如including片比花朵本身更艳丽的例子。颜色通常在一个物种内是稳定的，这是由与植物-授粉媒介关系相关的适应性过程导致的。在几种分类中已经描述了涉及花色变化的进化和遗传机制，从而洞察了影响开花植物多样性的某些过程。尽管花瓣通常是花朵中最鲜艳，最艳丽的部分，但也有许多例外，例如including片比花朵本身更艳丽的例子。颜色通常在一个物种内是稳定的，这是由与植物-授粉媒介关系相关的适应性过程导致的。在几种分类中已经描述了涉及花色变化的进化和遗传机制，从而洞察了影响开花植物多样性的某些过程。尽管花瓣通常是花朵中最鲜艳，最艳丽的部分，但也有许多例外，例如including片比花朵本身更艳丽的例子。颜色通常在一个物种内是稳定的，这是由与植物-授粉媒介关系相关的适应性过程导致的。在几种生物分类中已经描述了涉及花色变化的进化和遗传机制，从而提供了对影响开花植物多样性的某些过程的见解。