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Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: a review of the literature
Particle and Fibre Toxicology ( IF 10 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-12 , DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00387-7
Nell Hirt 1 , Mathilde Body-Malapel 1
Affiliation  

Together with poor biodegradability and insufficient recycling, the massive production and use of plastics have led to widespread environmental contamination by nano- and microplastics. These particles accumulate across ecosystems - even in the most remote habitats - and are transferred through food chains, leading to inevitable human ingestion, that adds to the highest one due to food processes and packaging. The present review aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding the effects of nano- and microplastics on intestinal homeostasis. We conducted a literature search focused on the in vivo effects of nano- and microplastics on gut epithelium and microbiota, as well as on immune response. Numerous animal studies have shown that exposure to nano- and microplastics leads to impairments in oxidative and inflammatory intestinal balance, and disruption of the gut’s epithelial permeability. Other notable effects of nano- and microplastic exposure include dysbiosis (changes in the gut microbiota) and immune cell toxicity. Moreover, microplastics contain additives, adsorb contaminants, and may promote the growth of bacterial pathogens on their surfaces: they are potential carriers of intestinal toxicants and pathogens that can potentially lead to further adverse effects. Despite the scarcity of reports directly relevant to human, this review brings together a growing body of evidence showing that nano- and microplastic exposure disturbs the gut microbiota and critical intestinal functions. Such effects may promote the development of chronic immune disorders. Further investigation of this threat to human health is warranted.

中文翻译:

纳米塑料和微塑料的免疫毒性和肠道作用:文献综述

再加上生物降解性差和回收利用不足,塑料的大量生产和使用已导致纳米塑料和微塑料对环境的广泛污染。这些颗粒物甚至在最偏远的生境中也会在整个生态系统中积累,并通过食物链转移,导致不可避免的人类摄入,由于食品加工和包装的原因,人类的摄入量最高。本综述旨在提供有关纳米和微塑料对肠道稳态的影响的最新知识的全面概述。我们进行了文献搜索,重点研究了纳米塑料和微塑料对肠道上皮和微生物​​群的体内作用以及免疫应答。大量的动物研究表明,暴露于纳米塑料和微塑料中会导致氧化和炎症性肠道平衡受损,并破坏肠道的上皮通透性。纳米和微塑料暴露的其他显着影响包括营养不良(肠道菌群的变化)和免疫细胞毒性。此外,微塑料包含添加剂,吸附污染物,并可能促进细菌病原体在其表面上的生长:它们是肠道有毒物质和病原体的潜在载体,有可能导致进一步的不良影响。尽管缺乏与人类直接相关的报道,但本综述汇集了越来越多的证据,表明纳米和微塑料暴露会干扰肠道菌群和关键的肠道功能。这种作用可能促进慢性免疫疾病的发展。有必要进一步调查这种对人类健康的威胁。
更新日期:2020-11-12
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