A survey was conducted of Indonesian cocoa farms to assess the extent of yield variation and factors associated with this variation. The survey of 120 farms during the course of 3 years encompassed four provinces in Sulawesi (South, South-East, West and Central), Western Sumatra, Lampung, East Java and West Papua. A high degree of yield variation was observed between farms, the average over 3 years ranged from 39 to 3586 kg ha−1. Overall, yields were greater on farms that were classified as ‘highly managed’, compared to ‘moderately’ and ‘less managed’. Seasonal variability in yields was generally greater in districts with a more pronounced dry season such as South Sulawesi and Lampung. Multiple regression analyses revealed particular husbandry practices that were linked with higher cocoa yields. Specifically, the use of inorganic fertilisers, application of fungicides against blackpod and weeding were all practices that were associated with higher yields. A positive association between rainfall and yield was observed for the years 2014/15 and 2015/16 but not 2016/17, which was a La Niña year (when rainfall totals were higher). Some of the farms surveyed were planted with cocoa at very low densities implying an opportunity for yield improvement through gap filling or replanting at higher densities (although it was noted that some farmers maintained lower planting densities due to the cultivation of companion crops). Given the smallholder status of most cocoa farms in Indonesia (mean area in this study was 0.71 ha) it is important that farmers are able to maximise returns from their land in order to maintain a livelihood. This study illustrated the potential for yield improvement on Indonesian cocoa farms through adoption of best agronomic practice.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚可可农场生产力与管理、环境和土壤因素有关的变化

对印度尼西亚可可农场进行了一项调查，以评估产量变化的程度以及与这种变化相关的因素。在 3 年内对 120 个农场的调查涵盖了苏拉威西岛（南部、东南部、西部和中部）、西苏门答腊、楠榜、东爪哇和西巴布亚的四个省。农场之间的产量差异很大，3 年的平均产量在 39 至 3586 公斤公顷之间-1. 总体而言，与“中等”和“较少管理”相比，被归类为“高度管理”的农场的产量更高。在旱季更明显的地区，如南苏拉威西和楠榜，单产的季节性变化通常更大。多元回归分析揭示了与较高可可产量相关的特定畜牧实践。具体来说，无机肥料的使用、对黑豆荚使用杀菌剂和除草都是与更高产量相关的做法。观察到 2014/15 和 2015/16 年降雨量与产量之间呈正相关，但 2016/17 年则没有，这是拉尼娜年（当降雨总量较高时）。一些接受调查的农场以非常低的密度种植了可可，这意味着通过填补缺口或以更高的密度重新种植来提高产量的机会（尽管有人指出，由于种植了配套作物，一些农民保持了较低的种植密度）。鉴于印度尼西亚大多数可可农场的小农地位（本研究中的平均面积为 0.71 公顷），农民能够最大限度地从土地中获得回报以维持生计是很重要的。这项研究说明了通过采用最佳农艺实践来提高印度尼西亚可可农场的产量的潜力。