We previously showed that each dog with chronic non-invasive sino-nasal aspergillosis (SNA) was infected with a single genotype of Aspergillus fumigatus. Here, we studied the transcriptome of this fungal pathogen and the canine host within the biofilm resulting from the infection. We describe here transcriptomes resulting from natural infections in animal species with A. fumigatus. The host transcriptome showed high expression of IL-8 and alarmins, uncontrolled inflammatory reaction and dysregulation of the Th17 response. The fungal transcriptome showed in particular expression of genes involved in secondary metabolites and nutrient acquisition. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis of fungal isolates from the biofilms showed large genetic variability and changes related with adaptation to host environmental factors. This was accompanied with large phenotypic variability in in vitro stress assays, even between isolates from the same canine patient. Our analysis provides insights in genetic and phenotypic variability of Aspergillus fumigatus in biofilms of naturally infected dogs reflecting in-host adaptation. Absence of a Th17 response and dampening of the Th1 response contributes to the formation of a chronic sino-nasal warzone.

我们以前曾证明，每只患有慢性非侵入性鼻鼻曲霉病（SNA）的狗都感染了单一基因型的烟曲霉。在这里，我们研究了这种真菌病原体的转录组和感染后生物膜内的犬宿主。我们在这里描述了由烟曲霉动物物种自然感染导致的转录组。宿主转录组显示IL-8和警报蛋白的高表达，炎症反应不受控制，Th17反应异常。真菌转录组特别显示了与次生代谢产物和养分吸收有关的基因的表达。从生物膜的真菌分离物的单核苷酸多态性分析显示较大的遗传变异性和变化与适应宿主环境因素有关。即使在同一犬科动物的分离株之间，在体外压力测定中也伴随着较大的表型变异性。我们的分析为烟曲霉的遗传和表型变异提供了见识在自然感染的狗的生物膜中反映出宿主的适应性。缺乏Th17反应和抑制Th1反应有助于形成慢性鼻鼻战区。