The global human population is growing at a rapid rate leading to the need for continued expansion of food animal production to meet the world's increasing nutritional requirements. As a consequence of this increased production demand, the use of high volume, animal dense systems have expanded providing high quality protein at reduced costs. Backyard animal production has also expanded. This increased food animal production has facilitated the rapid spread, mutation, and adaptation of pathogens to new hosts. This scenario continues to drive the emergence and reemergence of diseases in livestock species increasing the urgency for development and availability of vaccines for transboundary animal diseases (TADs). Even though vaccines are widely recognized as being an essential tool for control of TADs, there are many scientific, economic, political, and logistical challenges to having vaccine available to control an outbreak. This article will focus on examples of the challenges associated with having vaccines available for emergency response, as well as the characteristics of 'ideal' TAD vaccines, the need for complementary diagnostic assays, and hurdles involved in bringing efficacious veterinary TAD vaccines to market including regulatory constraints and considerations for stockpiling vaccines for emergency use in non-endemic countries. Examples will also highlight the complicated interplay between animal health and human health and demonstrate the lasting benefits that can be gained from an efficacious vaccine.

中文翻译：

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提供疫苗以控制跨界牲畜疾病的挑战。

全球人口正在快速增长，导致需要继续扩大食用动物生产以满足世界日益增长的营养需求。由于这种增加的生产需求，大容量、动物密集系统的使用已经扩大，以降低的成本提供高质量的蛋白质。后院动物生产也有所扩大。食用动物产量的增加促进了病原体对新宿主的快速传播、突变和适应。这种情况继续推动牲畜物种疾病的出现和重新出现，从而增加了开发和提供跨界动物疾病 (TAD) 疫苗的紧迫性。尽管疫苗被广泛认为是控制跨界动物传染病的重要工具，但仍有许多科学、经济、疫苗可用于控制疫情的政治和后勤挑战。本文将重点介绍与疫苗可用于应急响应相关的挑战示例，以及“理想”TAD 疫苗的特征、补充诊断检测的需求以及将有效的兽用 TAD 疫苗推向市场所涉及的障碍，包括监管在非流行国家储备疫苗以供紧急使用的限制和考虑因素。示例还将突出动物健康与人类健康之间复杂的相互作用，并展示可以从有效疫苗中获得的持久益处。本文将重点介绍与疫苗可用于应急响应相关的挑战示例，以及“理想”TAD 疫苗的特征、补充诊断检测的需求以及将有效的兽用 TAD 疫苗推向市场所涉及的障碍，包括监管在非流行国家储备疫苗以供紧急使用的限制和考虑因素。示例还将突出动物健康与人类健康之间复杂的相互作用，并展示可以从有效疫苗中获得的持久益处。本文将重点介绍与疫苗可用于应急响应相关的挑战示例，以及“理想”TAD 疫苗的特征、补充诊断检测的需求以及将有效的兽用 TAD 疫苗推向市场所涉及的障碍，包括监管在非流行国家储备疫苗以供紧急使用的限制和考虑因素。示例还将突出动物健康与人类健康之间复杂的相互作用，并展示可以从有效疫苗中获得的持久益处。将有效的兽用 TAD 疫苗推向市场所涉及的障碍，包括监管限制和储备疫苗以供非流行国家紧急使用的考虑因素。示例还将突出动物健康与人类健康之间复杂的相互作用，并展示可以从有效疫苗中获得的持久益处。将有效的兽用 TAD 疫苗推向市场所涉及的障碍，包括监管限制和储备疫苗以供非流行国家紧急使用的考虑因素。示例还将突出动物健康与人类健康之间复杂的相互作用，并展示可以从有效疫苗中获得的持久益处。