The thermodynamical study of the universe allows particle production in modified [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] is the torsion scalar) theory of gravity within a flat FLRW framework for line element. The torsion scalar [Formula: see text] plays the same role as the Ricci scalar [Formula: see text] in the modified theories of gravity. We derived the [Formula: see text] gravity models by taking [Formula: see text] as the sum of [Formula: see text] and an arbitrary function of [Formula: see text] with three different arbitrary function. We observe that the particle production describes the accelerated expansion of the universe without a cosmological constant or any unknown “quintessence” component. Also, we discussed the supplementary pressure, particle number density and particle production rate for three cases.

中文翻译：

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关于 f(T) 引力中粒子产生的时间演化

宇宙的热力学研究允许在线性元素的平面 FLRW 框架内以修正的 [公式：见文本]（[公式：见文本] 是扭转标量）引力理论产生粒子。扭转标量[公式：见正文]与修正引力理论中的里奇标量[公式：见正文]的作用相同。我们将[公式：参见文本]作为[公式：参见文本]与[公式：参见文本]的任意函数与三个不同的任意函数之和，推导出[公式：参见文本]重力模型。我们观察到，粒子产生描述了宇宙的加速膨胀，没有宇宙学常数或任何未知的“精髓”成分。此外，我们讨论了三种情况下的补充压力、粒子数密度和粒子产生率。