Primary production in the Arctic marine system is principally due to pelagic phytoplankton. In addition, sea-ice algae also make a contribution and play an important role in food web dynamics. A proper representation of sea-ice algae phenology and the linkage with the pelagic and benthic systems is needed, so as to better understand the ecosystem response to warming and shrinking ice cover. Here we describe the extension of the biogeochemical model ECOSMO II to include a sympagic system in the model formulation, illustrated by implementation in the Barents Sea. The new sympagic system formulation includes four nutrients (NO3, NH4, PO4, and SiO2), one functional group for sea-ice algae and one detritus pool, and exchanges with the surface ocean layer. We investigated the effects of linkage between the three systems (sympagic, pelagic, and benthic) on the ecosystem dynamic; the contribution of the ice algae to total primary production; and how the changes in ice coverage will affect the lower trophic level Arctic food-web dynamics. To solve the scientific and technical challenges related to the coupling, the model was implemented in a 1D application of the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM). Results showed that the model simulated the seasonal pattern of the sympagic components realistically when compared to the current knowledge of the Barents Sea. Our results show that the sympagic system influences the timing and the amplitude of the pelagic primary and secondary production in the water column. We also demonstrated that sea-ice algae production leads to seeding of pelagic diatoms and an enhancement of the zooplankton production. Finally, we used the model to explain how the interaction between zooplankton and ice algae can control the pelagic primary production in the Barents Sea.

中文翻译：

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巴伦支海共生和远洋生态系统隔间生物地球化学耦合对初级和次级生产的作用

北极海洋系统的初级生产主要是由于中上层浮游植物。此外，海冰藻也在食物网动力学中做出贡献并发挥重要作用。需要正确表示海冰藻类物候学以及与远洋和底栖系统的联系，以便更好地了解生态系统对变暖和冰盖缩小的反应。在这里，我们描述了生物地球化学模型 ECOSMO II 的扩展，以在模型公式中包含一个交感系统，通过在巴伦支海的实施来说明。新的交感系统配方包括四种营养物质（NO3、NH4、PO4 和 SiO2）、一种用于海冰藻的官能团和一种碎屑池，并与表层海洋层进行交换。我们研究了三个系统（交感系统、远洋系统、和底栖）关于生态系统动态；冰藻对总初级生产的贡献；以及冰覆盖的变化将如何影响较低营养级的北极食物网动态。为了解决与耦合相关的科学和技术挑战，该模型在通用海洋湍流模型 (GOTM) 的一维应用程序中实施。结果表明，与巴伦支海的当前知识相比，该模型真实地模拟了交感部分的季节性模式。我们的结果表明，共流系统影响水体中上层初级和次级生产的时间和幅度。我们还证明了海冰藻的生产导致了远洋硅藻的播种和浮游动物生产的增加。最后，