Traditional equilibrium thermodynamics can only solve a few equilibrium processes composed of continuous stable equilibrium states. However, the vacuum flash evaporation process is a typical unsteady process. The study of non-equilibrium thermodynamics of the two-phase flow model is helpful to improve our understanding of the basic law of the flash evaporation process. Based on the theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, the flash chamber in the vacuum flash ice making system was studied in this paper, and the possibility of non-equilibrium steady state evaporation with superheat was obtained. The chemical potential difference between liquid water and water vapor under non-equilibrium steady state conditions was determined, and the corresponding evaporation entropy was calculated. It is shown that the results obtained by equilibrium thermodynamics are only related to the temperature difference, while the results obtained by non-equilibrium thermodynamics are not only related to the temperature difference, but also the state of the evaporation process. This is because non-equilibrium thermodynamics considers the cooling of liquid water and the evaporation of water vapor as a whole, taking into account the interaction between the two processes. However, the traditional equilibrium thermodynamics theory divides the steady state evaporation process into two independent processes and ignores the influence of each other.

中文翻译：

---

真空制冰中闪蒸过程的非平衡热力学分析

传统的平衡热力学只能解决由连续的稳定平衡态组成的一些平衡过程。但是，真空闪蒸蒸发过程是典型的不稳定过程。研究两相流模型的非平衡热力学有助于增进我们对闪蒸过程基本规律的理解。基于非平衡热力学理论，对真空闪冰制冰系统中的闪蒸室进行了研究，得出了过热导致非平衡稳态蒸发的可能性。确定了非平衡稳态条件下液态水和水蒸气之间的化学势差，并计算了相应的蒸发熵。结果表明，通过平衡热力学获得的结果仅与温差有关，而通过非平衡热力学获得的结果不仅与温差有关，而且还与蒸发过程的状态有关。这是因为非平衡热力学从整体上考虑了液态水的冷却和水蒸气的蒸发，同时考虑了两个过程之间的相互作用。然而，传统的平衡热力学理论将稳态蒸发过程分为两个独立的过程，并且彼此忽略。这是因为非平衡热力学从整体上考虑了液态水的冷却和水蒸气的蒸发，同时考虑了两个过程之间的相互作用。然而，传统的平衡热力学理论将稳态蒸发过程分为两个独立的过程，并且彼此忽略。这是因为非平衡热力学从整体上考虑了液态水的冷却和水蒸气的蒸发，同时考虑了两个过程之间的相互作用。然而，传统的平衡热力学理论将稳态蒸发过程分为两个独立的过程，并且彼此忽略。