Abstract Solid acid catalyst was produced from olive pomace (OP), characterized and used for the esterification of OP oil. OP was pyrolyzed, physical activated by steam and sulfonated using sulfuric acid. Commercial, coconut husk-based, activated carbon (CHAC) was also sulfonated for comparison. The activation has shown a significant increase in olive pomace activated carbon (OPAC) surface area by developing simultaneously its micro and meso-porosity. The sulfonation has further increased OPAC BET surface area to reach 618.18 m2/g and has changed its structure to become microporous. Sulfonation also removed tar residues and aliphatic hydrocarbons from OPAC’s surface. Tendencies observed with carbon CHAC, used for comparison, are slightly different with a mesoporosity development. Although its higher surface area (1227.01 m2/g), CHAC has fixed three times less sulfur than OPAC, which can be attributed to its higher hydrophobicity or pore distribution. Sulfur was mainly fixed in the form of sulfonic acid (SO3H). Esterification with methanol using produced solid catalysts decreased OPO acidity below the 2 mgKOH/g threshold after 5 h of reaction and reduced mono, di and triglycerides to levels close to the ones required by European norm EN14214.

中文翻译：

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橄榄果渣多相酸催化剂的制备及其在橄榄果渣油酯化中的应用

摘要 以橄榄果渣(OP)为原料制备固体酸催化剂，对其进行表征并用于OP油的酯化反应。OP 经热解、蒸汽物理活化并使用硫酸磺化。商业的、基于椰子壳的活性炭 (CHAC) 也被磺化以进行比较。通过同时发展其微孔和中孔，活化显示出橄榄果渣活性炭 (OPAC) 表面积的显着增加。磺化进一步增加了 OPAC BET 表面积，达到 618.18 m2/g，并改变了它的结构，变成了微孔。磺化还从 OPAC 表面去除了焦油残留物和脂肪烃。用于比较的碳 CHAC 观察到的趋势与中孔发展略有不同。虽然它的表面积更高（1227.01 m2/g），CHAC 固定的硫比 OPAC 少三倍，这可归因于其更高的疏水性或孔隙分布。硫主要以磺酸 (SO3H) 的形式固定。使用生产的固体催化剂与甲醇进行酯化反应 5 小时后，将 OPO 酸度降低到 2 mgKOH/g 阈值以下，并将甘油单酯、二酯和甘油三酯降低到接近欧洲标准 EN14214 要求的水平。