Abstract In the AGILE project, advanced technologies for optimization, multi-disciplinary collaboration and knowledge-enabled engineering are developed and applied to conceptual and preliminary aircraft design in various representative use cases of some conventional and unconventional configurations (like strut-braced wing, box-wing and blended-wing). This paper describes the application of a multi-level optimization (MLO) strategy based on analytical target cascading (ATC) to aircraft rudder design. As a reference a traditional nested optimization method is applied as well. Both methods arrive at the same design optima. In the case of ATC the amount of interaction between the global and the local level is reduced. The MLO is illustrated by applying surrogate models that were derived from aircraft and rudder design analysis competences available from AGILE. The surrogate models are deployed through a specific repository that facilitates a knowledge-enabled approach. The rudder design case illustrates that applying MLO provides insight into the coupled design problem both for the OEM and for the supplier. Development time is reduced by minimizing the number of interaction events, providing a common understanding of the design problem, establishing interfaces in the design process and therefore reducing the risk of late changes.

中文翻译：

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飞机方向舵优化 - 一种多层次和知识支持的方法

摘要 在 AGILE 项目中，开发了用于优化、多学科协作和知识支持工程的先进技术，并将其应用于一些常规和非常规配置（如支柱支撑翼、箱式翼）的各种代表性用例中的概念和初步飞机设计。翼和混合翼）。本文描述了基于分析目标级联 (ATC) 的多级优化 (MLO) 策略在飞机方向舵设计中的应用。作为参考，还应用了传统的嵌套优化方法。两种方法都达到了相同的设计优化。在 ATC 的情况下，全球和地方层面之间的互动量减少了。MLO 通过应用源自 AGILE 的飞机和方向舵设计分析能力的替代模型来说明。代理模型是通过特定的存储库部署的，该存储库促进了知识支持的方法。舵设计案例表明，应用 MLO 可以深入了解 OEM 和供应商的耦合设计问题。通过最大限度地减少交互事件的数量，提供对设计问题的共同理解，在设计过程中建立接口，从而降低后期更改的风险，从而减少了开发时间。舵设计案例表明，应用 MLO 可以深入了解 OEM 和供应商的耦合设计问题。通过最大限度地减少交互事件的数量，提供对设计问题的共同理解，在设计过程中建立接口，从而降低后期更改的风险，从而减少了开发时间。舵设计案例表明，应用 MLO 可以深入了解 OEM 和供应商的耦合设计问题。通过最大限度地减少交互事件的数量，提供对设计问题的共同理解，在设计过程中建立接口，从而降低后期更改的风险，从而减少了开发时间。