Abstract In recent years, the number of studies on the relationship between globalization and ecological footprint is steadily increasing, yet the literature lacks any formal consensus. Previous studies unveil beneficial as well as harmful effects of globalization on the environment. Furthermore, most of the scholars rely on linear methods to investigate this relationship, which can produce biased outcomes when non-linearities exist in data. Unquestionably, the United States played a leading role in increasing global connectivity; however, the present US administration has demonstrated not only a penchant for isolationism by keeping certain critical resources, technologies, and manufacturing capacities in the US but also the tendency to ignore environmental concerns both domestically and globally. On this backdrop, this study uses asymmetric ARDL, and asymmetric causality methods to investigate the asymmetric relationship between globalization and the ecological footprint of the US. Additionally, the disaggregated asymmetric impacts of social, economic, and political globalization on footprint are also ascertained. The results indicate non-linear cointegration among variables. The long-run estimations reveal that a 1% positive change in overall globalization and in economic globalization increases ecological footprint by 1.32 and 0.72%, respectively, while a similar 1% negative change alleviates footprint by 6.75 and 1.05%, respectively. The outcomes elucidate much more dominant effects associated with negative changes in total and economic globalization. In contrast, positive changes in social globalization improve the environment by mitigating ecological footprint. Interestingly, positive shocks to political globalization stimulate footprint, indicating the validity of the environmental governance failure hypothesis. Further, Granger causality from positive changes in globalization to the footprint is found. Lastly, this study is concluded by comprehensive policy implications, including policy regarding FDI, trade, and enhancing social globalization, among others.

中文翻译：

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美国全球化与环境可持续性之间长期联系中的会计不对称：汇总和分类调查

摘要 近年来，关于全球化与生态足迹关系的研究不断增加，但文献缺乏任何正式的共识。先前的研究揭示了全球化对环境的有益和有害影响。此外，大多数学者依靠线性方法来研究这种关系，当数据中存在非线性时，这会产生有偏差的结果。毫无疑问，美国在加强全球互联互通方面发挥了主导作用；然而，本届美国政府不仅表现出孤立主义倾向，将某些关键资源、技术和制造能力留在美国，而且还倾向于忽视国内和全球的环境问题。在此背景下，本研究使用非对称 ARDL，和非对称因果关系方法来研究全球化与美国生态足迹之间的非对称关系。此外，还确定了社会、经济和政治全球化对足迹的分解不对称影响。结果表明变量之间存在非线性协整关系。长期估计表明，整体全球化和经济全球化的 1% 正变化分别使生态足迹增加 1.32 和 0.72%，而类似的 1% 负变化分别使生态足迹减少 6.75 和 1.05%。结果阐明了与总体全球化和经济全球化的负面变化相关的更为显着的影响。相比之下，社会全球化的积极变化通过减少生态足迹来改善环境。有趣的是，对政治全球化的积极冲击刺激足迹，表明环境治理失败假说的有效性。此外，还发现了全球化的积极变化与足迹之间的格兰杰因果关系。最后，本研究的结论是全面的政策影响，包括有关外国直接投资、贸易和促进社会全球化等方面的政策。