This study reports on the attitudes and perceptions toward pharmacogenomics (PGx) and personalized medicine (PM) education among pharmacy and medical students in Malaysian health sciences. Importantly, the survey was developed through a codesign approach, with field pretesting/design with users before the actual survey, and based on collaboration between institutions in Greece and Malaysia. The study addressed eight key areas of interest to education in health sciences: (1) General awareness about genetics and PGx, (2) Attitude toward genetic testing usefulness, (3) Benefits of direct-to-consumer personal genome testing as a “diagnostic” tool, (4) Concerns (risks) about genetics, (5) Effectiveness of genetic testing in PM, (6) Benefits of PGx on disease management, (7) Benefits of PGx on drug management, and (8) Attitudes toward genetic testing public endorsement. We observed that Malaysian students appear aware of the term PGx, but there are areas of critical knowledge gap such as the need for greater familiarity with the concept of PGx implementation science, and the availability of genetic testing in clinical practice. This is one of the first studies on perceptions and attitudes toward PGx testing in Southeast Asia. The present findings provide a map of the views and perspectives of medicine and pharmacy students regarding PGx and implementation of PM in Malaysia and should assist toward facilitating the integration of genomics into the medical decision-making process. To this end, it is necessary to enhance collaboration between universities, health care institutions, and governing bodies to incorporate further training and additional education topics related to PGx and genetic testing. This is the first study that assesses the level of PGx and genomics knowledge of pharmacy and medicine students in Southeast Asia, Malaysia in particular, and thus paves the way to guide future global PGx implementation science.

中文翻译：

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药学和医学专业的学生如何看待药物基因组学和个性化医学教育？马来西亚健康科学的意识、态度和看法

这项研究报告了马来西亚健康科学的药学和医学生对药物基因组学 (PGx) 和个性化医学 (PM) 教育的态度和看法。重要的是，该调查是通过协同设计方法开发的，在实际调查之前与用户进行现场预测试/设计，并基于希腊和马来西亚机构之间的合作。该研究涉及健康科学教育的八个关键领域：(1) 对遗传学和 PGx 的普遍认识，(2) 对基因检测有用性的态度，(3) 直接面向消费者的个人基因组检测作为“诊断”的好处”工具，(4) 对遗传学的关注（风险），(5) PM 基因检测的有效性，(6) PGx 对疾病管理的好处，(7) PGx 对药物管理的好处，(8) 对基因检测公众认可的态度。我们观察到马来西亚学生似乎知道 PGx 一词，但存在关键知识差距的领域，例如需要更熟悉 PGx 实施科学的概念，以及临床实践中基因检测的可用性。这是东南亚对 PGx 测试的看法和态度的首批研究之一。目前的研究结果提供了医学和药学学生对 PGx 和 PM 在马来西亚实施的看法和观点的地图，应该有助于促进基因组学融入医学决策过程。为此，有必要加强大学、卫生保健机构、和管理机构纳入与 PGx 和基因检测相关的进一步培训和额外教育主题。这是第一项评估东南亚，特别是马来西亚的药学和医学学生的 PGx 和基因组学知识水平的研究，从而为指导未来全球 PGx 实施科学铺平了道路。