Technological advancements have brought increasing attention to Automated Mobility on Demand (AMOD) as a promising solution that may improve future urban mobility. During the last decade, extensive research has been conducted on the design and evaluation of AMOD systems using simulation models. This paper adds to this growing body of literature by investigating the network impacts of AMOD through high-fidelity activity- and agent-based traffic simulation, including detailed models of AMOD fleet operations. Through scenario simulations of the entire island of Singapore, we explore network traffic dynamics by employing the concept of the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD). Taking into account the spatial variability of density, we are able to capture the hysteresis loops, which inevitably form in a network of this size. Model estimation results at both the vehicle and passenger flow level are documented. Environmental impacts including energy and emissions are also discussed. Findings from the case study of Singapore suggest that the introduction of AMOD may bring about significant impacts on network performance in terms of increased VKT, additional travel delay and energy consumption, while reducing vehicle emissions, with respect to the baseline. Despite the increase in network congestion, production of passenger flows remains relatively unchanged.

中文翻译：

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自动按需移动的网络影响：宏观基本图透视

技术进步引起了人们对按需自动驾驶 (AMOD) 的越来越多的关注，AMOD 是一种很有前途的解决方案，可以改善未来的城市交通。在过去的十年中，使用仿真模型对 AMOD 系统的设计和评估进行了广泛的研究。本文通过高保真基于活动和代理的交通模拟（包括 AMOD 车队运营的详细模型）来研究 AMOD 对网络的影响，从而丰富了这一不断增长的文献。通过对整个新加坡岛的情景模拟，我们利用宏观基本图 (MFD) 的概念探索网络流量动态。考虑到密度的空间可变性，我们能够捕获迟滞回线，它不可避免地在这种规模的网络中形成。记录了车辆和乘客流量级别的模型估计结果。还讨论了包括能源和排放在内的环境影响。新加坡案例研究的结果表明，AMOD 的引入可能会对网络性能产生重大影响，如增加 VKT、额外的旅行延迟和能源消耗，同时减少车辆排放，相对于基线而言。尽管网络拥堵加剧，但客流的产生仍然相对不变。额外的旅行延误和能源消耗，同时减少车辆排放，相对于基线。尽管网络拥堵加剧，但客流的产生仍然相对不变。额外的旅行延误和能源消耗，同时减少车辆排放，相对于基线。尽管网络拥堵加剧，但客流的产生仍然相对不变。