Multigene data sets were assembled to evaluate the phylogeny of species attributed to the genus Pholiota sensu A.H. Sm. & Hesler. This effort included generation of just more than 200 new sequences from 19 type collections of Pholiota and recent samples from East Asia. Phylogenetic analyses reinforced the autonomous phylogenetic positions of pholiotoid taxa in the genera Flammula (Hymenogastraceae) and Kuehneromyces (Strophariaceae). Samples of Pholiota astragalina from diverse geographic regions split into two species-level lineages but occupied an isolated phylogenetic position apart from Pholiota sensu stricto. The new genus Pyrrhulomyces is described to accommodate P. astragalina and a new cryptic species from the Southern Appalachians, Pyrrhulomyces amariceps. Pyrrhulomyces is distinguished from other genera of Strophariaceae by the blackening basidiomata with a bitter taste, smooth basidiospores without a germ pore under light microscopy, presence of pleurochrysocystidia, an ixocutis, rugulose spore ornamentation under scanning electron microscope (SEM), and association with late stages of conifer wood decay. Pholiota subochracea was found to be sister to a clade containing samples of Hypholoma and Bogbodia, but this portion of the Strophariaceae will require further taxon and gene sampling to resolve relationships between these three taxa. Pholiota sensu stricto comprised at least two major groups, but several residual poorly placed lineages were also noted depending on the data set analyzed. New combinations are made in the genera Flammula, Kuehneromyces, and Stropharia for three species of Pholiota-P. abieticola, P. obscura, and P. scabella, respectively, based on molecular annotation of type collections. Overall, 20 new synonymies are proposed, mostly in Pholiota. Illustrations of Pyrrhulomyces are provided along with a key to genera of Strophariaceae and Hymenogastraceae.

中文翻译：

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Pholiota 和新属 Pyrrhulomyces 的系统发育评估

组装多基因数据集以评估属于 Pholiota sensu AH Sm 属的物种的系统发育。＆赫斯勒。这项工作包括从 19 个 Pholiota 类型集合和来自东亚的最新样本中生成 200 多个新序列。系统发育分析加强了金盏花属（Hymenogastraceae）和Kuehneromyces（Strophariaceae）中pholiotoid 类群的自主系统发育位置。来自不同地理区域的黄芪样本分为两个物种水平的谱系，但除了严格的 Pholiota sensu 之外占据了一个孤立的系统发育位置。新属 Pyrrhulomyces 被描述为容纳 P. astragalina 和来自南阿巴拉契亚山脉的新隐性物种 Pyrrhulomyces amariceps。Pyrrhulomyces 与 Strophariaceae 的其他属的区别在于：黑色的担子座有苦味，光学显微镜下光滑的担子孢子没有胚孔，存在 pleurochrysocystidia，一个 ixocutis，扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 下有皱褶孢子装饰，并与晚期相关针叶木腐烂。发现 Pholiota subochracea 是包含 Hypholoma 和 Bogbodia 样本的进化枝的姐妹，但是这部分 Strophariaceae 将需要进一步的分类群和基因采样来解决这三个分类群之间的关系。Pholiota sensu stricto 包括至少两个主要群体，但根据所分析的数据集，也注意到了几个残留的位置不佳的谱系。在 Flammula、Kuehneromyces、和 Stropharia 三个物种的 Pholiota-P。abieticola、P. obscura 和 P. scabella，分别基于类型集合的分子注释。总的来说，提出了 20 个新的同义词，主要是在 Pholiota。提供了 Pyrrhulomyces 的插图以及 Strophariaceae 和 Hymenogastraceae 属的关键。