The indirect effects (risk effects) of hunting (e.g., lowered frequency of hunting site use by deer due to human predation risk) have received increasing attention in deer management programs. However, our understanding of the relationship between hunting time schedule and risk‐effect level remains limited. We investigated the relationships between hunting time schedule (the duration of the hunting operation and its execution interval) and the extent of sika deer (Cervus nippon) spatial displacement from hunting sites in hunting with and without driving (drive and stalk hunting, respectively) in the Tanzawa Mountains, Japan, 2016–2018. Driving in deer hunting means the action of making deer move by using dogs and/or hunters. We considered the probability of photographing deer with a camera trap after hunting operation per day (hazard) as an indicator of the extent of deer spatial displacement. Hazard was negatively associated with the duration of hunting operation in both drive and stalk hunting. In stalk hunting, hazard was also negatively associated with the number of days elapsed since the previous hunting operation in the same hunting site, whereas such an association was not observed in drive hunting. For drive hunting, in order to divert deer from hunting sites for a long time, hunting operations should be conducted throughout the day even if these operations are expected to end in a poor harvest. Conversely, for stalk hunting, short hunting‐operation time and short execution interval days between each operation are required to reduce deer spatial displacement. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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有无驾驶狩猎中狩猎时间表与梅花鹿空间位移的关系

狩猎的间接影响（风险影响）（例如，由于人为掠食风险而降低了鹿使用狩猎地点的频率）在鹿管理计划中受到越来越多的关注。但是，我们对狩猎时间表和风险效果水平之间关系的理解仍然有限。我们调查了狩猎时间表（狩猎操作的持续时间及其执行间隔）与梅花鹿（鹿）的程度之间的关系。）2016-2018年，日本田泽山区有无驾驶狩猎（分别为开车和秸秆狩猎）时狩猎地点的空间位移。在猎鹿中驾驶意味着通过使用狗和/或猎人使鹿移动的动作。我们认为每天进行狩猎操作后用相机陷阱拍摄鹿的可能性（危险）可作为鹿空间位移程度的指标。在驱赶和秸秆狩猎中，危害与狩猎时间的长短负相关。在秸秆狩猎中，自上次在同一狩猎地点进行狩猎以来经过的天数也与危险成负相关，而在开车狩猎中未观察到这种关联。进行狩猎时，为了将鹿从狩猎场转移很长时间，即使预计收成不好，狩猎活动也应全天进行。相反，对于猎杀秸秆，需要较短的狩猎操作时间和每次操作之间的短执行间隔天数，以减少鹿的空间位移。©2020野生动物协会。