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Historical biogeography of Heteropterinae skippers via Beringian and post‐Tethyan corridors
Zoologica Scripta ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-11 , DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12457
Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint 1, 2 , Emily A. Ellis 2 , Riley J. Gott 2 , Andrew D. Warren 2 , Kelly M. Dexter 2 , Caroline Storer 2 , David J. Lohman 3, 4, 5 , Akito Y. Kawahara 2
Affiliation  

Skippers are a species rich and widespread group of butterflies with evolutionary patterns and processes largely unstudied despite some recent efforts. Among Hesperiidae, the subfamily Heteropterinae is a moderately diverse clade comprising ca. 200 species distributed from North to South America and from Africa to the Palearctic region. While some regions are species rich, others are far less diverse. Using anchored phylogenomics, we infer a robust timetree and estimate ancestral ranges to understand the biogeographic history of these skippers. Inferences based on up to 383 exons recover a robust backbone for the subfamily along with the monophyly of all genera. Bayesian divergence time estimates suggest an origin of Heteropterinae in the late Eocene, ca. 40 million years ago. Maximum likelihood ancestral range estimates indicate an origin of the group in the New World. The eastern Palearctic was likely colonized via a Beringian route and a reverse colonization event resulted in two independent and extant American clades. We estimate a vicariant event between Central and South America that significantly predates estimates of the proto‐Caribbean seaway closure, indicating active overwater dispersal in the Oligocene. The colonization of Africa from the east Palearctic is synchronous with the closure of the Tethys Ocean, while the colonization of Madagascar appears to be comparatively recent. Our results shed light on the systematics and biogeography of Heteropterinae skippers and unveil the evolutionary history of a new leaf in the skipper tree‐of‐life.

中文翻译:

通过白令和后特提斯走廊的异翅目船长的历史生物地理学

尽管最近进行了一些努力,但船长是一群物种丰富且分布广泛的蝴蝶,其进化模式和过程在很大程度上尚未得到研究。在 Hesperiidae 中,Heteropterinae 亚科是一个中等多样性的进化枝,包括约。200 种,分布从北美洲到南美洲,从非洲到古北地区。虽然一些地区物种丰富,但其他地区的多样性要少得多。使用锚定系统基因组学,我们推断出稳健的时间树并估计祖先范围以了解这些船长的生物地理历史。基于多达 383 个外显子的推论恢复了亚科的强大主干以及所有属的单一性。贝叶斯散度时间估计表明异翅目起源于晚始新世,约。四千万年前。最大似然祖先范围估计表明该群体起源于新世界。古北东部很可能通过白令路线进行殖民,而一次反向殖民事件导致了两个独立且现存的美洲进化枝。我们估计了中美洲和南美洲之间的替代事件,其显着早于原加勒比海航道闭合的估计,表明渐新世活跃的水上扩散。来自东古北区的非洲殖民与特提斯洋的关闭同步,而马达加斯加的殖民似乎相对较新。我们的研究结果阐明了异翅目船长的系统学和生物地理学,并揭示了船长生命树中新叶的进化历史。古北东部很可能通过白令路线进行殖民,而一次反向殖民事件导致了两个独立且现存的美洲进化枝。我们估计了中美洲和南美洲之间的替代事件,其显着早于原加勒比海航道闭合的估计,表明渐新世活跃的水上扩散。来自东古北区的非洲殖民与特提斯洋的关闭同步,而马达加斯加的殖民似乎相对较新。我们的研究结果阐明了异翅目船长的系统学和生物地理学,并揭示了船长生命树中新叶的进化历史。古北东部很可能通过白令路线进行殖民,而一次反向殖民事件导致了两个独立且现存的美洲进化枝。我们估计了中美洲和南美洲之间的替代事件,其显着早于原加勒比海航道闭合的估计,表明渐新世活跃的水上扩散。来自东古北区的非洲殖民与特提斯洋的关闭同步,而马达加斯加的殖民似乎相对较新。我们的研究结果阐明了异翅目船长的系统学和生物地理学,并揭示了船长生命树中新叶的进化历史。我们估计了中美洲和南美洲之间的替代事件,其显着早于原加勒比海航道闭合的估计,表明渐新世活跃的水上扩散。来自东古北区的非洲殖民与特提斯洋的关闭同步,而马达加斯加的殖民似乎相对较新。我们的研究结果阐明了异翅目船长的系统学和生物地理学,并揭示了船长生命树中新叶的进化历史。我们估计了中美洲和南美洲之间的替代事件,其显着早于原加勒比海航道闭合的估计,表明渐新世活跃的水上扩散。来自东古北区的非洲殖民与特提斯洋的关闭同步,而马达加斯加的殖民似乎相对较新。我们的研究结果阐明了异翅目船长的系统学和生物地理学,并揭示了船长生命树中新叶的进化历史。
更新日期:2020-11-11
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