Understanding the impacts of long‐term agricultural practices on soil quality (SQ) is key for sustaining agroecosystem productivity. This study investigated conventional and no‐tillage (NT), residue burning and no burning, residue level (high and low), and irrigation (irrigated and dryland) effects on soil properties, SQ, and crop yields following 16 yr of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] double‐crop system via the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). A field experiment was conducted in the Lower Mississippi River Delta region on a silt‐loam soil. Bulk density, soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil P and K from the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil depth were used as SQ indicators investigated individually and as an overall soil quality index (SQI). Following 16 yr, residue burning reduced SOC (1.1%) compared with no burning (1.24%). Irrigation resulted in greater soil TN than dryland management systems (p < 0.05). Reduced soil pH and extractable soil P and K occurred under NT, high residue, and irrigated treatments. Irrigation increased soybean yields, regardless of the tillage system. Burned, NT–high residue management increased wheat yields (3.45 Mg ha⁻¹). Irrigation reduced SQ because of low EC and K scores. High residue reduced SQ compared with the low residue treatment within NT systems, owing to low pH scores. The SMAF indices identified the impacts of irrigation, NT, and optimal N fertilization on SQ. Monitoring of soil pH, P, and K may be needed to maintain SQ in long‐term wheat–soybean systems.

中文翻译：

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长期燃烧，灌溉，耕作和肥力管理影响下的土壤质量指数

了解长期农业实践对土壤质量（SQ）的影响是维持农业生态系统生产力的关键。这项研究调查了常规和免耕（NT），残渣燃烧和不焚烧，残渣水平（高和低）和灌溉（灌溉和旱地）对小麦16年后土壤性质，SQ和农作物产量的影响（普通小麦）–大豆[ Glycine max（L.）Merr。]通过土壤管理评估框架（SMAF）的双作系统。在下密西西比河三角洲地区的粉壤土上进行了田间试验。从0到10厘米土壤深度的体积密度，土壤有机碳（SOC），总氮（TN），pH，电导率（EC）以及土壤P和K作为单独和整体调查的SQ指标土壤质量指数（SQI）。16年后，残渣燃烧降低了SOC（1.1％），而无燃烧降低了（1.24％）。灌溉导致的土壤总氮比旱地管理系统大（p <0.05）。在NT，高残留和灌溉处理下，土壤pH降低，可提取的土壤P和K降低。不管耕作制度如何，灌溉都增加了大豆的单产。燃烧，高氮残留管理可以提高小麦单产（3.45 Mg ha ^-1）。由于EC和K分数低，灌溉降低了SQ。由于pH值较低，与NT系统中的低残留物处理相比，高残留物降低了SQ。SMAF指数确定了灌溉，NT和最佳氮肥对SQ的影响。在长期的小麦-大豆系统中，可能需要监测土壤的pH，P和K，以保持SQ。