Abstract Development of Copper-free friction materials (FMs) with an equivalent or better performance has been a focus of research from the last few years since the Cu-containing wear debris has been proven as a serious threat to the aquatic life. In this work, eco-friendly brake-pads were developed with various types of stainless steel particles (SSPs) to explore the possibility of replacing copper from the brake-pads. A series of six multi-ingredient brake-pads was developed containing 3 vol % SSPs (SS304, SS316, SS410 and SS434), SS swarf (SS434) and copper particles as theme ingredients keeping parent formulation identical. The brake-pads were characterized for physical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Tribo-performance was evaluated on a full-scale inertia brake-dynamometer by following JASO C406 test standard. Results revealed that almost all the properties were superior to the Cu-containing pads including wear. The average coefficient of friction was almost similar for all pads and wear performance was excellent for SS316 and SS304 based brake-pads since these materials had higher surface energy vis-a-vis the adhesion improvement with the matrix. Surface analysis of worn brake-pads was done using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, overall performance ranking of the brake-pads was done by using ‘Multiple Objective Optimizations by Ratio Analysis’ (MOORA) method.

中文翻译：

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无铜刹车片：通过选择正确种类的不锈钢颗粒实现的突破

摘要 由于含铜磨屑已被证明对水生生物构成严重威胁，因此开发具有等效或更好性能的无铜摩擦材料 (FM) 一直是过去几年的研究重点。在这项工作中，使用各种类型的不锈钢颗粒 (SSP) 开发了环保型刹车片，以探索从刹车片中替代铜的可能性。开发了一系列六种多成分刹车片，其中包含 3 vol% SSP（SS304、SS316、SS410 和 SS434）、SS 碎屑（SS434）和铜颗粒作为主题成分，保持母体配方相同。刹车片具有物理、机械、化学和热性能的特点。根据 JASO C406 测试标准，在全尺寸惯性制动测功机上评估摩擦性能。结果表明，几乎所有性能都优于含铜垫，包括磨损。所有刹车片的平均摩擦系数几乎相似，基于 SS316 和 SS304 的刹车片的磨损性能非常出色，因为这些材料相对于与基体的粘附改进而言具有更高的表面能。使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对磨损的刹车片进行表面分析。最后，通过使用“比率分析的多目标优化”(MOORA) 方法对刹车片进行了整体性能排名。所有刹车片的平均摩擦系数几乎相似，基于 SS316 和 SS304 的刹车片的磨损性能非常出色，因为这些材料相对于与基体的粘附改进而言具有更高的表面能。使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对磨损的刹车片进行表面分析。最后，通过使用“比率分析的多目标优化”(MOORA) 方法对刹车片进行了整体性能排名。所有刹车片的平均摩擦系数几乎相似，基于 SS316 和 SS304 的刹车片的磨损性能非常出色，因为这些材料相对于与基体的粘附改进而言具有更高的表面能。使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 对磨损的刹车片进行表面分析。最后，通过使用“比率分析的多目标优化”(MOORA) 方法对刹车片进行了整体性能排名。