Abstract The ground response to the production of energy in geothermal fields can be observed in the form of ground displacement and seismic activity. Changes in the temperature, volume, pressure of the reservoir can culminate in surface deformation and in seismicity at the reservoir edges and/or near the production wells. Identifying the origin of the ground response enables controlled management of the reservoir and can help prevent damage to structures. Satellite remote sensing (InSAR) permits the study of the deformation at these sites with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, Central America has a dynamic atmosphere with considerable water vapour and constant growth of vegetation all year long, which leads to decorrelation between SAR images. Here we study the Dr. Alfredo Mainieri Protti geothermal field, located near Miravalles Volcano in the Northern Costa Rica volcanic arc. We measure the deformation associated with geothermal energy production using data from two satellites (ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1) between January 2015 and January 2017. The ALOS-2 data was used to obtain the extent of the affected area, and two StaMPS multi-temporal methods (Persistent Scatter (PS) InSAR, and Small Baselines(SB)) were applied to the Sentinel-1 data, to obtain the temporal pattern of the ground displacements. Results show a direct response of the ground to the extraction of fluids. The pattern of deformation obtained with ALOS-2 is spatially correlated with the geothermal field, and with the recorded seismicity. Between April 2015 to October 2016, periods of uplift and subsidence were observed with values between ~2.0 to 3.0 cm every 120 days, linked to changes in the amount of fluids extracted from the reservoir. The results also show the ability of the reservoir to recover rapidly following a decrease in extraction rate. This work has shown that even in this tropical region it is possible to monitor anthropogenic ground motion using InSAR. This is beneficial for the Central American region, as satellite images are becoming more frequently acquired and available, and can be used to boost the monitoring of seismic regions, volcanic activity and anthropogenic activities.

中文翻译：

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哥斯达黎加瓜亚博火山口与地热能生产相关的偶发性地面变形

摘要 地热田能量产生的地面响应可以通过地面位移和地震活动的形式观察到。储层温度、体积、压力的变化最终会导致地表变形和储层边缘和/或生产井附近的地震活动。识别地面响应的起源可以实现对水库的受控管理，并有助于防止对结构的损坏。卫星遥感 (InSAR) 允许以高空间和时间分辨率研究这些站点的变形。然而，中美洲的大气是动态的，水汽量很大，植被常年不断生长，这导致了 SAR 图像之间的去相关性。在这里，我们研究 Alfredo Mainieri Protti 博士地热田，位于哥斯达黎加北部火山弧的米拉瓦莱斯火山附近。我们使用 2015 年 1 月至 2017 年 1 月期间两颗卫星（ALOS-2 和 Sentinel-1）的数据测量与地热能生产相关的变形。 ALOS-2 数据用于获得受影响区域的范围，两个 StaMPS 多- 时间方法（持续散射 (PS) InSAR 和小基线 (SB)）应用于 Sentinel-1 数据，以获得地面位移的时间模式。结果显示了地面对流体提取的直接反应。使用 ALOS-2 获得的变形模式与地热场和记录的地震活动在空间上相关。2015 年 4 月至 2016 年 10 月期间，每 120 天观测到一次隆起和下沉期，值在 ~2.0 至 3.0 厘米之间，与从储层中提取的流体量的变化有关。结果还表明，随着开采率的降低，储层能够快速恢复。这项工作表明，即使在这个热带地区，也可以使用 InSAR 监测人为地面运动。这对中美洲地区有利，因为卫星图像的获取和可用频率越来越高，可用于加强对地震区、火山活动和人为活动的监测。