The accumulation of ice on structures can restrict the performance of equipment and cause other concerns in many industries such as aviation, automotive transportation, telecommunication, and defense. The removal of ice requires the use of some chemicals and various other techniques, which are expensive, time-consuming, and unsafe. Superhydrophobic (SH) coatings have been involved in many commercial applications because they have the crucial attribute of high water repellency, which can be critical for the removal of formed ice. This study experimentally proved how a carbon fiber-reinforced (CFR) composite surface can be prepared so that ice that forms on the surface can be easily removed without applying any other techniques. A simple spraying method was implemented to prepare a robust SH coating containing micro- and nanoparticles on unidirectional pre-impregnated (pre-preg) CFR composites that were prepared in a vacuum oven. The bottom (base) coat and top coat (superhydrophobic) were subsequently introduced to the surfaces of CFR composites, followed by heat treatment under a vacuum. The SH-coated CFR composites were analyzed through water contact angle (WCA) measurements. These measurements were also repeated after each tape adhesion test, vibration test, and blowing air test. The SH-coated CFR composites were exposed to a freezing time test and super-cooled water test, and then examined through an optical microscope. The SH-coated CFR composite had a maximum WCA of 163°. The coating tests on the SH-coated CFR composites showed that the WCA of the SH-coated CFR composite was steady and long-lasting after each test, which was considered as a permanent superhydrophobic surface. Thus, the de-icing and anti-icing properties of the SH-coated CFR composite were achieved, which is an important factor for a longer service time of composites used in aerospace, wind turbines, and other industries.

中文翻译：

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商用多功能永久性超疏水涂层对飞机表面碳纤维增强复合材料除冰和防冰的研究

结冰在结构上的积累会限制设备的性能，并在航空、汽车运输、电信和国防等许多行业引起其他问题。除冰需要使用一些化学品和各种其他技术，这些技术昂贵、耗时且不安全。超疏水 (SH) 涂层已参与许多商业应用，因为它们具有高疏水性的关键属性，这对于去除形成的冰至关重要。这项研究通过实验证明了如何制备碳纤维增强 (CFR) 复合材料表面，以便在不应用任何其他技术的情况下轻松去除表面上形成的冰。实施了一种简单的喷涂方法，以在真空炉中制备的单向预浸渍（预浸）CFR 复合材料上制备含有微米和纳米粒子的坚固 SH 涂层。随后将底部（底）涂层和面涂层（超疏水）引入 CFR 复合材料的表面，然后在真空下进行热处理。通过水接触角 (WCA) 测量分析了 SH 涂层的 CFR 复合材料。在每次胶带粘附测试、振动测试和吹气测试之后，也重复这些测量。将 SH 涂层 CFR 复合材料进行冷冻时间测试和过冷水测试，然后通过光学显微镜进行检查。SH 涂层 CFR 复合材料的最大 WCA 为 163°。SH 涂层 CFR 复合材料的涂层测试表明，SH 涂层 CFR 复合材料在每次测试后的 WCA 稳定且持久，被认为是永久的超疏水表面。因此，实现了 SH 涂层 CFR 复合材料的除冰和防冰性能，这是延长用于航空航天、风力涡轮机和其他行业的复合材料使用寿命的重要因素。