The widespread fake news in social networks is posing threats to social stability, economic development, and political democracy, etc. Numerous studies have explored the effective detection approaches of online fake news, while few works study the intrinsic propagation and cognition mechanisms of fake news. Since the development of cognitive science paves a promising way for the prevention of fake news, we present a new research area called Cognition Security (CogSec), which studies the potential impacts of fake news on human cognition, ranging from misperception, untrusted knowledge acquisition, targeted opinion/attitude formation, to biased decision making, and investigates the effective ways for fake news debunking. CogSec is a multidisciplinary research field that leverages the knowledge from social science, psychology, cognition science, neuroscience, AI and computer science. We first propose related definitions to characterize CogSec and review the literature history. We further investigate the key research challenges and techniques of CogSec, including humancontent cognition mechanism, social influence and opinion diffusion, fake news detection, and malicious bot detection. Finally, we summarize the open issues and future research directions, such as the cognition mechanism of fake news, influence maximization of fact-checking information, early detection of fake news, fast refutation of fake news, and so on.

社交网络中广泛传播的虚假新闻正对社会稳定，经济发展和政治民主等构成威胁。众多研究探索了在线虚假新闻的有效检测方法，而很少有研究研究虚假新闻的内在传播和认知机制。由于认知科学的发展为防止假新闻铺平了一条有希望的途径，因此我们提出了一个新的研究领域，即认知安全（CogSec），该研究领域研究了假新闻对人类认知的潜在影响，包括误解，不信任的知识获取，有针对性的意见/态度形成，以偏向决策，并调查假新闻揭穿的有效方法。CogSec是一个多学科的研究领域，它利用社会科学，心理学，认知科学，神经科学，人工智能和计算机科学。我们首先提出相关的定义来表征CogSec并回顾文献历史。我们将进一步研究CogSec的关键研究挑战和技术，包括人类内容认知机制，社会影响力和观点传播，假新闻检测以及恶意机器人检测。最后，总结了虚假新闻的认知机制，对事实检查信息的影响最大化，对虚假新闻的早期发现，对虚假新闻的快速反驳等未解决的问题和未来的研究方向。社会影响力和意见传播，假新闻检测和恶意机器人检测。最后，总结了虚假新闻的认知机制，对事实检查信息的影响最大化，对虚假新闻的早期发现，对虚假新闻的快速反驳等未解决的问题和未来的研究方向。社会影响力和意见传播，假新闻检测和恶意机器人检测。最后，总结了虚假新闻的认知机制，对事实检查信息的影响最大化，对虚假新闻的早期发现，对虚假新闻的快速反驳等未解决的问题和未来的研究方向。