Abstract

Sulfonamides are the oldest class of synthetic antibiotics still in use in clinical and veterinary settings. The intensive utilization of sulfonamides has been leading to the widespread contamination of the environment with these xenobiotic compounds. Consequently, in addition to pathogens and commensals, also bacteria inhabiting a wide diversity of environmental compartments have been in contact with sulfonamides for almost 90 years. This review aims at giving an overview of the effect of sulfonamides on bacterial cells, including the strategies used by bacteria to cope with these bacteriostatic agents. These include mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, co-metabolic transformation, and partial or total mineralization of sulfonamides. Possible implications of these mechanisms on the ecosystems and dissemination of antibiotic resistance are also discussed.

Key points

• Sulfonamides are widespread xenobiotic pollutants;

• Target alteration is the main sulfonamide resistance mechanism observed in bacteria;

• Sulfonamides can be modified, degraded, or used as nutrients by some bacteria.

中文翻译：

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与磺酰胺一起生活：细菌中观察到的多种机制

摘要

磺胺类药物是最古老的合成抗生素类，仍在临床和兽医环境中使用。大量使用磺酰胺已导致这些异生物化合物对环境的广泛污染。因此，除了病原体和病菌外，居住在各种环境隔室中的细菌也已经与磺酰胺接触了近90年。这篇综述旨在概述磺胺类药物对细菌细胞的作用，包括细菌应对这些抑菌剂所采用的策略。这些包括抗生素抗性，共代谢转化以及磺酰胺部分或全部矿化的机制。

关键点

•磺酰胺是广泛的外源性污染物；

•靶标改变是细菌中观察到的主要抗磺酰胺机制；

•某些细菌可以将磺酰胺改性，降解或用作营养物质。