The concern that the global emissions or carbon mitigation plans have not yielded the much desired significant improvement in health, air and environmental quality especially since the Conference of Paris has further created some ambiguities. This has further made environmentalists and policymakers wonder if the December 2015 Paris Climate Agreement is “better than no agreement”. In advancing the studies of global temperature and carbon emission nexus, the current study rather applied the time-frequency dependency of average global mean temperature anomalies and global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels for the annual data from 1851 to 2017. The present study uses the wavelet coherence technique and the Toda and Yamamoto causality approach that allows the investigation of both the long- and short-term causal relationship between the global average temperature and global CO2 emissions. The findings of this study indicate that (i) significant vulnerabilities in global average temperature and global CO2 emissions are observed at different time periods and different frequency levels; (ii) global CO2 emissions have a strong power for explaining global average temperature at different time periods; (iii) between 1880 and 1910, global average temperature and global CO2 emissions are positively correlated at medium term; and (iv) the outcome of Toda and Yamamoto causality reveals that global CO2 emissions cause global average temperature and this outcome is in line with the outcome of wavelet coherence approach.

中文翻译：

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来自小波相干方法的温度和环境质量时频相关性的全局证据

对全球排放或碳减排计划未能在健康、空气和环境质量方面取得显着改善的担忧，尤其是自巴黎会议以来，进一步造成了一些含糊不清。这进一步让环保主义者和政策制定者怀疑 2015 年 12 月的巴黎气候协议是否“总比没有协议好”。在推进全球温度和碳排放关系的研究时，本研究更倾向于应用 1851 年至 2017 年的年度数据中全球平均温度异常和全球化石燃料二氧化碳 (CO2) 排放量的时频相关性。本研究使用小波相干技术和户田和山本因果关系方法，可以调查全球平均温度与全球二氧化碳排放之间的长期和短期因果关系。本研究的结果表明 (i) 在不同时间段和不同频率水平上观察到全球平均温度和全球二氧化碳排放量的显着脆弱性；(ii) 全球二氧化碳排放对不同时期的全球平均气温具有很强的解释力；(iii) 1880 年至 1910 年间，全球平均气温与全球 CO2 排放量在中期呈正相关；