Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are environmentally ubiquitous around the world, and the countries of Latin America (LATAM) are not the exception; however there is still little knowledge of the magnitude and conditions of their occurrence in LATAM and of the environmental consequences of their presence. The present work reviews 79 documents published from 2007 to 2019 on the occurrence, concentrations, and sources of PhACs and hormones in surface water (SW), wastewater (WW), and treated wastewater (TWW) in LATAM and on the circumstances of their release to the environment. Research efforts are reported in only ten countries and confirm the presence of 159 PhACs, mainly analgesics and anti-inflammatories, although extraordinarily high concentrations of carbamazepine (830 μg/L) and ethinylestradiol (6.8 μg/L) were found in Ecuador and Brazil, respectively. The analysis of maximum concentrations and the ecotoxicological risk assessment corroborate that (1) these values exceed the environmental concentrations found in other parts of the world, (2) the environmental risk posed by these concentrations is remarkably high, and (3) there is no statistically significant difference between the maximum concentrations found in WW and those found in TWW. The main source of PhACs in LATAM's aquatic environment is WW; hence, these countries should direct substantial efforts to develop efficient and cost-effective treatment technologies and plan and apply WW management strategies and regulations. This analysis presents the current states of occurrence, concentrations, and sources of PhACs in the aquatic environment of LATAM and outlines the magnitude of the environmental problem in that part of the world.

中文翻译：

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药物作为拉丁美洲水生环境中的新兴污染物：综述。

药物活性化合物（PhAC）在世界范围内无处不在，拉丁美洲国家（LATAM）也不例外；然而，对于在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区发生它们的程度和条件以及它们的存在所带来的环境后果仍然知之甚少。本工作回顾了2007年至2019年发布的79篇关于拉丁美洲和加勒比地区地表水（SW），废水（WW）和经处理的废水（TWW）中PhAC和激素的发生，浓度和来源以及释放情况的文件环境。仅在十个国家报告了研究工作，并证实存在159种PhAC，主要是止痛药和消炎药，尽管在厄瓜多尔和巴西发现的卡马西平（830μg/ L）和炔雌醇（6.8μg/ L）的浓度异常高，分别。对最大浓度的分析和生态毒理风险评估证实：（1）这些值超过了世界其他地区的环境浓度；（2）这些浓度带来的环境风险非常高；（3）没有在WW中发现的最大浓度与在TWW中发现的最大浓度之间的统计上显着差异。拉塔姆水生环境中PhAC的主要来源是WW。因此，这些国家应大力努力开发高效和具有成本效益的治疗技术，并规划和应用WW管理策略和法规。此分析显示了当前的发生状态，浓度，