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Dynamic effects of insect herbivory and climate on tundra shrub growth: Roles of browsing and ramet age
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-07 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13551 Risto Virtanen 1, 2, 3 , Adam Thomas Clark 2, 3, 4 , Michael Herder 5 , Heikki Roininen 6
中文翻译：
昆虫食草和气候对苔原灌木生长的动态影响：浏览和分株年龄的作用
更新日期：2020-11-07
Journal of Ecology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-07 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13551 Risto Virtanen 1, 2, 3 , Adam Thomas Clark 2, 3, 4 , Michael Herder 5 , Heikki Roininen 6
Affiliation
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- To predict shrub responses under climate change in tundra, we need to understand how thermal conditions and herbivory contribute to growth. We hypothesise that shrub growth increases with thermal conditions and precipitation, but that this increase is counteracted by insect herbivory, and that these climate–insect herbivory relationships are modified by both browsing and plant age.
- We use empirical dynamic modelling (EDM) to analyse a 20‐year time series on willow Salix phylicifolia shoot growth, growing degree days, summer precipitation and herbivory from an experiment at forest–tundra ecotone. The experiment includes manipulations of avian and mammal browsing (fences) and ramet age (pruning to rejuvenate willows).
- Negative effects of insect herbivory on willow shoot growth were intensified during warmer years, whereas increasing precipitation led to reduced effects. Moreover, the effect of insect herbivores on shoot growth varied with ramet age and vertebrate browsing: younger ramets generally experienced less negative insect herbivore effects, whereas ptarmigan browsing was associated with more positive temperature effects on shoot growth, and reindeer browsing with more negative effects of insect herbivory and precipitation.
- Synthesis. Our findings show that the negative effects of insect herbivory on shoot growth likely intensify under warmer thermal conditions, but that increasing precipitation can counteract these effects. Moreover, changes in thermal conditions, precipitation and vertebrate browsers all have predictable, albeit complex and nonlinear, effects on shrub growth, highlighting the importance of long‐term experimental data and flexible analytical methods such as EDM for characterising climate and community interactions in artic systems.
中文翻译：
昆虫食草和气候对苔原灌木生长的动态影响：浏览和分株年龄的作用
- 为了预测苔原在气候变化下的灌木响应，我们需要了解热条件和食草植物如何促进生长。我们假设灌木的生长随温度和降水的增加而增加，但是这种增加被昆虫的食草作用所抵消，而且这些气候-昆虫的食草关系也因浏览和植物年龄而改变。
- 我们使用经验动态建模（EDM），通过森林-苔原交错带的一项实验，分析了柳柳植物枝条生长，生长天数，夏季降水和食草的20年时间序列。实验包括操纵鸟类和哺乳动物的浏览（围栏）和分株年龄（修剪以使柳树恢复活力）。
- 在温暖的年代，昆虫食草对柳枝生长的负面影响加剧，而降水增加导致影响降低。此外，昆虫食草动物对枝条生长的影响随分枝年龄和脊椎动物浏览的不同而变化：年轻的分株对昆虫食草动物的负面影响较小，而雷鸟浏览对枝条生长的正温度影响更大，而驯鹿浏览对枝条生长的负面影响更大。昆虫食草和降水。
- 综合。我们的发现表明，在较热的热条件下，昆虫食草对芽生长的负面影响可能会加剧，但增加的降水量可以抵消这些影响。此外，温度条件，降水和脊椎动物浏览器的变化都对灌木丛的生长具有可预测的，尽管是复杂的和非线性的影响，突出了长期实验数据和灵活的分析方法（如EDM）对于表征系统中气候和群落相互作用的重要性。 。
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