Blockchain in IoT applications obviates the need for dependence on a single trusted authority, enhancing the potential for scalability and reliability. Existing consensus methods used in blockchain require high energy consumption, massive computational power with trusted authorities, or proof for mining a block. Resource constrained IoT devices need a lightweight and low latency consensus mechanism. Trust-free probabilistic consensus methods allow every node to participate in the consensus, enhancing the robustness and reliability of transactions as compared to absolute consensus methods. We propose a lightweight probabilistic proof of elapsed work and luck (PoEWAL) consensus method for non-cooperative blockchain in IoT environments. PoEWAL consumes less energy, requires less computational power and has low latency. We analyzed suitability of PoEWAL for resource constrained devices, using Contiki Cooja simulator. Experimental results show that energy consumption is low at various difficulty levels, demonstrating the feasibility of PoEWAL. Furthermore, PoEWAL is compared with such existing probabilistic consensus methods as proof of work, proof of stake, proof of activity, algorand, and proof of authority, in terms of energy, consensus time, and network latency, to confirm that PoEWAL is a suitable consensus method for blockchain in IoT.

物联网应用中的区块链消除了对单一可信机构的依赖，从而增强了可扩展性和可靠性的潜力。区块链中使用的现有共识方法需要高能耗，具有可信赖机构的强大计算能力或挖掘区块的证明。资源受限的物联网设备需要轻量级和低延迟的共识机制。与绝对共识方法相比，无信任概率共识方法允许每个节点参与共识，从而增强了交易的鲁棒性和可靠性。我们为物联网环境中的非合作式区块链提出了轻量级的工作和运气（PoEWAL）共识方法的概率证明。PoEWAL消耗较少的能量，需要较少的计算能力并且延迟很短。我们使用Contiki Cooja模拟器分析了PoEWAL对资源受限设备的适用性。实验结果表明，在各种难度级别下能耗都很低，证明了PoEWAL的可行性。此外，将PoEWAL与现有的概率共识方法（例如工作量证明，股权证明，活动证明，算法和权限证明）在能量，共识时间和网络延迟方面进行比较，以确认PoEWAL是合适的物联网中区块链的共识方法。