Abstract In this research, a new topology optimization scheme considering the evaporation cooling effect that cools air through the evaporation of liquid is presented. To efficiently cool down hot surfaces or products, it is a viable approach to use the evaporating cooling effect when water absorbs a large amount of heat on evaporating. To numerically consider the evaporating cooling effect, the three nonlinear governing equations, i.e., Navier–Stokes equation, heat transfer equation, and moisture transportation, should be coupled and analyzed; Air movement, temperature convection, and moisture transportation should be mutually coupled and analyzed. Due to the movement of air, the moisture inside porous media evaporates and the velocities, temperature, and moisture distributions of porous media are subject to be changed. From a topology optimization point of view, the material properties as well as the governing equations are interpolated with respect to the design variables defined at each finite element. After solving topology optimization problems, it is possible to find out the optimal distributions of porous media to control the states of the system. Through several numerical examples, the validity of the present topology optimization method is illustrated.

中文翻译：

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考虑蒸发冷却效应的多物理场拓扑优化方案

摘要 在本研究中，提出了一种新的拓扑优化方案，该方案考虑了通过液体蒸发来冷却空气的蒸发冷却效应。为了有效地冷却热表面或产品，当水在蒸发时吸收大量热量时，利用蒸发冷却效应是一种可行的方法。从数值上考虑蒸发冷却效应，需要对纳维-斯托克斯方程、传热方程和水分输送三个非线性控制方程进行耦合分析；空气运动、温度对流和水分输送应相互耦合和分析。由于空气的运动，多孔介质中的水分蒸发，多孔介质的速度、温度和水分分布发生变化。从拓扑优化的角度来看，材料属性以及控制方程是相对于每个有限元定义的设计变量进行插值的。在求解拓扑优化问题后，可以找出多孔介质的最优分布来控制系统的状态。通过几个数值例子，说明了本拓扑优化方法的有效性。