From a holistic point of view, aging results from the cumulative erosion of the various systems. Among these, the immune system is interconnected to the rest as immune cells are present in all organs and recirculate through bloodstream. Immunosenescence is the term used to define the remodelling of immune changes during aging. Because immune cells—and particularly lymphocytes—can further differentiate after their maturation in response to pathogen recognition, it is therefore unclear when senescence is induced in these cells. Additionally, it is also unclear which signals triggers senescence in immune cells (i) aging per se, (ii) specific response to pathogens, (iii) underlying conditions, or (iv) inflammaging. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge and concepts linked to immunosenescence and we focus this review on lymphocytes and T cells, which represent the typical model for replicative senescence. With the evidence presented, we propose to disentangle the senescence of immune cells from chronological aging.

从整体来看，衰老是各个系统累积侵蚀的结果。其中，免疫系统与其他系统相互关联，因为免疫细胞存在于所有器官中并通过血液再循环。免疫衰老是用于定义衰老过程中免疫变化重塑的术语。由于免疫细胞（尤其是淋巴细胞）在成熟后可以响应病原体识别而进一步分化，因此尚不清楚这些细胞何时诱导衰老。此外，还不清楚哪些信号触发免疫细胞衰老（i）衰老本身，（ii）对病原体的特异性反应，（iii）潜在条件，或（iv）炎症。在这篇综述中，我们将介绍与免疫衰老相关的当前知识和概念，并将重点放在淋巴细胞和 T 细胞上，它们代表了复制性衰老的典型模型。根据所提供的证据，我们建议将免疫细胞的衰老与时间老化分开。