Invasive plant species pose a significant threat for fragile isolated ecosystems, occupying space, and consuming scarce local resources. Recently though, an additional adverse effect was recognized in the form of its secondary metabolites entering the food chain. The present study is elaborating on this subject with a specific focus on the Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) alkaloids and their occurrence and food chain penetrability in Mediterranean ecosystems. For this purpose, a targeted liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC–ESI–MS/MS) analytical method, encompassing six alkaloids and one coumarin derivative, utilizing hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was developed and validated. The method exhibited satisfactory recoveries, for all analytes, ranging from 75 to 93%, and acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. Four compounds (anabasine, anatabine, nornicotine, and scopoletin) were identified and quantified in 3 N. glauca flowers extracts, establishing them as potential sources of alien bio-molecules. The most abundant constituent was anabasine, determined at 3900 μg/g in the methanolic extract. These extracts were utilized as feeding treatments on Apis mellifera honeybees, resulting in mild toxicity documented by 16–18% mortality. A slightly increased effect was elicited by the methanolic extract containing anabasine at 20 μg/mL, where mortality approached 25%. Dead bees were screened for residues of the N. glauca flower extracts compounds and a significant mean concentration of anabasine was evidenced in both 10 and 20 μg/mL treatments, ranging from 51 to 92 ng/g per bee body weight. Scopoletin was also detected in trace amounts. The mild toxicity of the extracts in conjunction with the alkaloid and coumarin residual detection in bees, suggest that these alien bio-molecules are transferred within the food chain, suggesting a chemical invasion phenomenon, never reported before.

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关于青烟草格雷厄姆生物碱生态系统可用性的文章：蜜蜂案例研究


入侵植物物种对脆弱的孤立生态系统构成重大威胁，占据空间并消耗稀缺的当地资源。但最近，人们认识到其次级代谢产物进入食物链会带来额外的不利影响。本研究正在详细阐述这一主题，特别关注青烟草（茄科）生物碱及其在地中海生态系统中的存在和食物链渗透性。为此，开发并验证了一种利用亲水相互作用色谱 (HILIC) 的靶向液相色谱电喷雾串联质谱 (LC-ESI-MS/MS) 分析方法，涵盖六种生物碱和一种香豆素衍生物。该方法对所有分析物都表现出令人满意的回收率，范围为 75% 至 93%，以及可接受的重复性和再现性。在 3 种青冈花提取物中鉴定并定量了四种化合物（新竹碱、新竹碱、降烟碱和东莨菪素），确定它们是外来生物分子的潜在来源。最丰富的成分是新木碱，在甲醇提取物中测定为 3900 μg/g。这些提取物被用作意大利蜜蜂的喂养剂，导致轻度毒性，死亡率为 16-18%。含有 20 μg/mL 假木贼碱的甲醇提取物引起的效果略有增加，死亡率接近 25%。对死蜂进行了青花提取物化合物残留物的筛选，在 10 和 20 μg/mL 处理中均发现了显着的新烟碱平均浓度，范围为每蜜蜂体重 51 至 92 ng/g。还检测到微量的东莨菪素。 提取物的轻微毒性以及蜜蜂中生物碱和香豆素残留的检测表明，这些外来生物分子在食物链内转移，这表明以前从未报道过的化学入侵现象。