Abstract Thin films of ZnO and Co, Ni co-doped ZnO nanorods were successfully synthesized on the silicon substrate (100) by the hydrothermal method. The grown thin films were annealed at 105 °C for 4.5 h and characterized by employing different analytical techniques to investigate the effects of co-doping on structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO nanorods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful substitution of dopants (Co and Ni) without altering the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. The crystallite size and micro-strain of grown films were calculated by employing Scherer, W–H, and SSP methods. The unit cell volume and lattice parameters were increased for Co doping, moreover by increasing Ni concentration as a co-dopant these parameters were decreased. Crystallite size of ZnO, ZnCo, ZnCoNi3, ZnCoNi6 and ZnCoNi9 grown thin films were 73 nm, 42 nm, 71 nm, 60 nm, and 52 nm respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has shown the existence of characteristic vibrational bonds of Zn–O in all co-doped samples at 499.35 cm−1, 561.25 cm−1, 570.89 cm−1, 565.10 cm−1, and 553.53 cm−1, respectively. SEM images show the surface morphology of grown thin films, which indicates that the diameter of nanorods is increased by increasing Ni contents. The UV–visible spectroscopy was employed to measure the energy bandgap (Eg) using Tauc's plot. The optical energy band gap was decreased (3.37–3.16) eV for all co-doped samples. The redshift in energy bandgap by Co and Ni co-doping is mainly due to the strong orbital coupling and generation of new energy states between the VB and CB. The other optical parameters including optical absorption coefficient ( α ) , transmittance (T), skin depth, optical density (OD), extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n), optical conductivity (σopt), and dielectric constants (er, ei) of the grown thin films were also discussed.

中文翻译：

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水热衍生的 co、Ni 共掺杂 ZnO 纳米棒；结构、光学和形态学研究

摘要 采用水热法在硅衬底(100)上成功合成了ZnO和Co、Ni共掺杂ZnO纳米棒薄膜。生长的薄膜在 105°C 下退火 4.5 小时，并通过采用不同的分析技术来表征共掺杂对 ZnO 纳米棒的结构、形态和光学性质的影响。X 射线衍射 (XRD) 分析证实了掺杂剂（Co 和 Ni）的成功取代，而不会改变 ZnO 的六方纤锌矿结构。通过使用 Scherer、W-H 和 SSP 方法计算生长薄膜的微晶尺寸和微应变。Co掺杂的晶胞体积和晶格参数增加，此外，通过增加作为共掺杂剂的Ni浓度，这些参数降低。ZnO、ZnCo、ZnCoNi3、ZnCoNi6 和 ZnCoNi9 生长的薄膜分别为 73 nm、42 nm、71 nm、60 nm 和 52 nm。傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 表明，在 499.35 cm-1、561.25 cm-1、570.89 cm-1、565.10 cm-1 和 553.53 cm 处的所有共掺杂样品中都存在 Zn-O 的特征振动键-1，分别。SEM 图像显示了生长薄膜的表面形貌，这表明纳米棒的直径随着 Ni 含量的增加而增加。紫外-可见光谱用于使用 Tauc 曲线测量能带隙 (Eg)。所有共掺杂样品的光能带隙均降低 (3.37–3.16) eV。Co和Ni共掺杂引起的能带隙红移主要是由于VB和CB之间的强轨道耦合和新能态的产生。