Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have unique structural, compositional, and morphological characteristics as well as predominant physiochemical stability and biocompatibility properties. They play a crucial role in pathophysiological regulation, and also have broad prospects for clinical application in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of disease, and tissue regeneration and repair. Herein, the biosynthesis and physiological functions and current methods for separation and identification of EVs are summarized. Specifically, engineered EVs may be used to enhance targeted therapy in cancer and repair damaged tissues, and they may be developed as an individualized imaging diagnostic reagent, among other potential applications. We will focus on reviewing recent studies on engineered EVs in which alterations enhanced their therapeutic capability or diagnostic imaging potential via physical, chemical, and biological modification approaches. This review will clarify the superior biological functions and powerful therapeutic potential of EVs, particularly with regard to new designs based on EVs and their utilization in a new generation of nanomedicine diagnosis and treatment platforms.

细胞外囊泡（EV）具有独特的结构，组成和形态特征，以及主要的理化稳定性和生物相容性。它们在病理生理调节中起着关键作用，并且在疾病的诊断，预后和治疗以及组织再生和修复中具有广阔的临床应用前景。在此，总结了电动汽车的分离和鉴定的生物合成和生理功能以及当前的方法。具体而言，工程化的电动汽车可用于增强癌症的靶向治疗并修复受损的组织，除其他潜在应用外，还可将其开发为个性化的影像诊断试剂。我们将专注于审查有关工程化电动汽车的最新研究，其中通过物理，化学和生物修饰方法，改变可以增强其治疗能力或诊断成像潜力。这篇综述将阐明电动汽车的优越生物学功能和强大的治疗潜力，特别是基于电动汽车的新设计及其在新一代纳米医学诊断和治疗平台中的利用方面。